The Belief And Attitude Toward New Technology - 978 Words

3. Individual difference among teachers 3.1 Belief and attitude toward new technology Previous research demonstrates that a teacher’s teaching philosophy, attitude toward new technology and teaching style will affect the effectiveness of technology integration in education (Demetriadis et al., 2003). Among potential influential factors, teachers’ attitude is one of the critical variables discriminating the successful technology integration and the unsuccessful one. With same teaching level, teachers holding a more positive attitude toward the role of new technology in education are expected to generate more successful and useful integration. This argument is in line with the study of Wood, Mueller, Willoughby, Specht and DeYoung (2005). The result of this study (Mueller et al., 2008) shows that both elementary and secondary teachers who scored high in considering new computer technology as useful and productive instructional tools is more likely to score high in the integrating. Similar to this study, another research shows that teachers’ attitude to technology, especially whether they can see the value of implement it into education is one of the chief predictors in technology using (Wozney, Venkatesh Abrami, 2006). On top of teachers’ attitude, teachers’ pedagogical belief to technology is another predictor that people cannot ignore. Acknowledging the educational value of new technology using in education can be considered as the prerequisite of successful technologyShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between Old Traditional News Platform And Mobile News Application1246 Words   |  5 Pagesthe mobile phones and most of the times titled as ‘the new service frontier’. They provide the functions that are over the individuals need for communication. Past studies shows the corresponding and non-corresponding effects of new technology. This made it important to consider the interplay between old traditional news platform and mobile news application. For example, mostly corresponding effects were seen between the old and new technology under user-centric approach whereas non-correspondingRead MoreTechnology Acceptance Model From Fishbein And Ajzens ( 1975 )1468 Words   |  6 Pages2.4. Technology Acceptance Model This model was adopted from Fishbein and Ajzen’s (1975) work that distinguished the attitude toward an object (Ao) and the attitude toward using an object (Ab). Ao is defined as an individual assessment of a certain attitude object while Ab is define as a personal evaluation to the action of using a particular attitude object. The model was introduced by Davis (1989) to assess the acceptance from employees toward electronic mail (e-mail) over typewriter. The e-mailRead MoreCognitive Based And Affective Based Attitude Towards The Samsung Family Hub Smart Fridge1691 Words   |  7 Pagesand affective-based attitude towards the Samsung Family Hub Smart Fridge. Information is collected from the selected marketing stimuli for evaluation. Discussing these two attitudes, effectiveness of strategies the company used is evaluated. This essay includes my actual attitude towards product. In final part, recommendations are made. In cognitive-based attitude, direct or imagined experience, reasoning by analogy, values-driven attitude, analytical processes of attitude construction and TORARead MoreHan And Roman Perspective Of Technology1375 Words   |  6 PagesPerspective of Technology The Han and Roman people were two different societies during the classical period. The documents highlighted Han and Roman attitudes towards technology. The Han documents displayed excerpts from it’s people that explain how the Han people relied on technology daily and respected the inventors of the technology. The Roman documents portrayed the Romans weak reliance on technology, however they do emphasize a beauty to the aesthetic side of technology. Han China’s attitude towardsRead MoreThe Explosion Of Technology On The Education Scene1667 Words   |  7 PagesDefinition of key Terminology/Background The explosion of technology on the education scene in the past few decades has been enormous. Toward the end of 20th century, one of the most frequent suggestions educational leaders made for improving schools was the integration of technology into teaching and learning processes (Henson, 2010, p.63). Mercelle (2000) defined ICT as â€Å"complex and heterogeneous set of good applications and services used for producing, distributing, processing and transformingRead MoreChina s Impact On China1181 Words   |  5 Pagesgeography and the belief of being self-sufficient, China struggled to transition to experiment-cum-science-based invention as well as rejecting the opportunity to create bonds and capital markets with other nations. 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The following likert scale interpretation was used in evaluating the students’ skills, knowledge and attitudes on effective use of ICT. Figure 2 shows that mean score was 3.21 and standardRead MoreHow Technology Affects The Way Consumers Make Decisions1436 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough the use of technology. More so, a consumer is exposed to many facets even when sometimes they are unaware of this. Technology affects the way consumers make decisions because there are many choices exposed to them. Certain consumers may have different psychographic, geographic and demographic behaviours. Marketers cannot make one product or service and cater to all of their needs. In today’s society, being a marketer there are various challenges they face. Firstly, technology is seen as an inactive

Animal Liberation, By Peter Singer - 1302 Words

Over the recent years, the public has be more aware of the animal liberation movement. This movement opposes factory farming and animal experimentation; the movement demanding animal equality. The animal liberation movement demands for the people to expand their moral capabilities, to recognize that animals should be treated as equals. However, it is hard for one to recognize that the moral inequality until it is forcibly pointed out to them. Peter Singer, author of Animal Liberation, has written about various ethical issues that should be dealt with; he is and is widely known for his compassion and work on animal welfare. Singer compares discrimination between humans to the moral injustice that humans have shown animals. Singer examines the idea of blacks and women command equality because they have the same ability to be leaders, to rationalize, the same intellect as whites and males. However, animals do not have the same ability to compete for leadership with humans. Since humans and animals do not have same intelligence and capabilities, one could infer animals should be treated less humane, according to the definition of justice. Justice requires that one must treat their equals equally, and since animals are not equal to humans in any moral aspect, then we can philosophically consider that the immoral treatment between humans and animals is not injustice. Thus, the argument between moral equality and factual arises. Moral equality exists because every human hasShow MoreRelatedAnimal Liberation By Peter Singer1329 Words   |  6 PagesKelsi Duncan Engl1030 Mr. Smith 09/24/2014 â€Å"Animal Liberation† Review Peter Singer’s essay on â€Å"Animal Liberation† was published in the New York Review in 1963. Ultimately, in this essay, Singer was trying to get humans to realize how they are treating non-humans, and that changes need to happen. Firstly, Singer claims that animals suffer just like humans do. He uses Jane Goodall and her chimpanzee research as an example. Jane Goodall taught a chimpanzee to talk with sign language, with this sheRead MoreAnalysis Of Peter Singer s Animal Liberation1800 Words   |  8 Pagesto argue in support of Peter Singer’s claims against speciesism. It is right to claim that human suffering and animal suffering should be given equal considerations. Both humans and nonhuman species suffer both physically and emotionally and both deserve equal considerations on the basis of morality. Peter Singer has written many works in support of animal rights. In one of his greatest works Animal Liberation, Singer goes into great depths on how similar in biology animals are to human beings. AnotherRead MoreThe Reading I Chose Is Animal Liberation, By Peter Singer828 Words   |  4 PagesThe reading I chose is Animal Liberation, by Peter Singer. Peter Singer argues against animals cruelty, discrimination, and animals equal rights. Singer uses philosophy to teach and educate others on his point of view. Singer points out that animals have rights too and supports animals just like he does with Black Liberation, Gay Liberation, and Women Liberation. Singer states, â€Å"It is a demand for a complete change in our attitudes to nonhumans. It is a demand that we cease to regard the exploitationRead MoreEssay on ANIMAL RIGHTS790 Words   |  4 PagesAnimals have their own rights as do to humans and we should respect that and give them the same respect we give each other. Animals deserve to be given those same basic rights as humans. All humans are considered equal and ethical principles and legal statutes should protect the rights of animals to live according to their own nature and remain free from exploitation. This paper is going to argue that animals deserve to have the same rights as humans and therefore, we don’t have the right to killRead MoreEssay Peter Singer Arguement That We are Speciesist 1126 Words   |  5 PagesSpeciesism, as defined by Peter Singer, â€Å"is a prejudice or attitude of bias in favor of the interests of members of one’s own species and against those of members of other species† (Singer, Animal Liberation, p. 6). The rationale for the preferential treatment encapsulated in this definition is simply the fact that those receiving the preferred treatment belong to the same species, and not on the basis of any grounds of higher intelligence or other attributes. Singer ensures that the reader can easilyRead MoreEssay What Moral and Ethical Obligations do Humans Have to Animals1492 Words   |  6 Pageseggs necessary to feed the population. The intensive farming method of animal husbandry has become quite a controversial issue and caused apprehension amongst many different factions of society. These concerns relate to how high density farming practices result in dangers associated with environmental impacts, human health and non-human welfare. Animal welfare/animal rights groups argue that the conditions in which the animals live are cruel and abhorrent. This notion of cruelty invites debate surroundingRead MoreEqual Rights for Animals in Peter Singer’s Article, All Animals are Equal652 Words   |  3 Pages In Peter Singer’s article, All Animals are Equal, Singer claims that animals deserve the same equal rights and respect that the human lives get. His strongest argument is defined by all animals, human or non-human shall b e defined as equal. Singer makes some very strong arguments within his article, but I feel some of his statements are humanist. As an animal lover and mother to two pets, I disagree that not all animals or living things endure the same amount. However, I do agree that animalsRead MoreExplain the distinction Jean Grimshaw makes between misogyny and philosophically significant ‘maleness’ of philosophical theories.999 Words   |  4 Pagestheories. 2. What reasons does Peter Singer give for his view that ‘differences between humans and animals’ are irrelevant to considerations of the moral ‘equality for animals’? Peter Singer explores the moral considerations when taking into account the equality of nonhumans. The fundamental principle of equality is that the interests of all individuals are of equal value, no matter who the individuals are. In this case, Singer is discussing nonhuman equality. Singer argues that if a being suffersRead MoreAnimal Research : Is It Human Or Inhuman?1100 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal research in psychology is a controversial issue that has raised many questions on whether it should be allowed Is it human or inhuman? Peter Singer, a bioethicist, views animal research as a form of discrimination and for the most part useless in findings. Singer believes that animals and humans are not very different from each other; hence, asking why not test on humans too if it is okay on animals? On the other hand, R.G. Frey, a professor of philosophy, argues that animal research shouldRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And The Cosmetic Industry And Medical Professions1509 Words   |  7 PagesExperimentally Cruel Animal experimentation has long standing roots in human history, specifically in the cosmetic industry and medical professions. Many could argue that humanity could not have progressed to today’s advancements without a heavy reliance on animal experimentation. There are some notable cases throughout history where such testing was undeniably beneficial, although it could certainly be argued that such methods were not always necessary. With significant advancements in scientific

The Growth of Social Media Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Growth of Social Media. Answer: Literature The subject of the following paper is to discuss about the social media on the world politics and the impacts that the growth of social media has left to this world. Social media has come to be a very important and significant force in the modern days since the politicians use this platform to talk about the several relevant issues in the world (Gerbaudo, 2012). The steps that the global leaders take are always on the lookout by the global media. The various things like the growing importance of the social media platforms like Facebook, YouTube, Linkedin, Google+, web blogs and others have helped the political leaders to stay active in front of their followers and grow their popularity to gain more power (Nam, 2012). The evolution of the digital disruption and the new revolution through using the social media tools have become a very common matter (McQuivey, 2013). The invention of the latest digital technologies, computers, laptops, new innovative methods, smart phones and other devices has aggravated this process. The politicians are not also behind this and the face of politics has been changed completely due to this. A radical political change is overtaking the entire world and this has become quite a controversial topic in the recent times (Howard Parks, 2012). The digital activism of the politicians can be addressed by discussing case studies of different topics. The political volunteers can be used by the different social media platforms. Various political things like the Presidential elections in USA, the Brexit, the decisions initiated in the world summits and many more can be associated by use of the social media (Dhingra et al., 2012). The most powerful and influential global politica l leaders like US President Donald Trump, the former President Barrack Obama, Russian President Vladimir Putin and many more are very actively present in the social media where they spread their messages to their followers and the latest decisions of the government are also displayed. Case study In order to address the concerned topic of this paper, it is indeed important to draw up one topic from the recent political issues around the world. The political issue that has been selected in this course of study is the one that took very recently about the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar and they were rendered to be homeless by the Myanmar government and Aung San Suu Kyi (Brinham, 2012). She is the considered to be the first State Counselor of Myanmar and her recent actions have been very much derogatory for the welfare of the youth. She has been a very popular figure in the Burmese politics but her recent actions that are against the refugees of the Rohingya Muslims have been outrageous. This has been a burning issue in the whole world. It has been stated that about 340,000 people have been rendered to be homeless and they are living a life of despair in the camps of Bangladesh (Parnini, 2013). Violence and utter hunger have been the serious consequences the refugees have been faci ng. It is known that the democracy and preservation of the human rights have been the primary purpose of the Suu Kyis life. Her father was a reform politician and she had fought her whole life to establish the political democracy in her country of Myanmar. She was imprisoned for 15 long years and made her way out and then established her popularity to gain the national power (Parnini, Othman and Ghazali, 2013). At the beginning, it is important to give a brief introduction about the Rohingya Muslims. They are a Muslim minority who live in the northern Rakhine State that is very close to the border between Myanmar and Bangladesh. The problem lies in the fact the majority of Myanmar population are Buddhists (Brooten, Ashraf Akinro, 2015). They have attracted the international media about their deterioration of conditions in the recent times. This is to state that the social media platforms are also buzzing with this. The problem lies in the fact that the Opposition leader of the country, Aung San Suu Kyi has been very much silent about this entire incident. The situation has become so critical that United Nations had to interfere into this matter to save the millions of Rohingya refugees. The top social media sites like Facebook, Google+ has been very much in contact with this issue for several times now. The international human rights committee has began to ask questions about the silence o f Suu Kyi because she has been believed to be voice of the people. It can easily interpreted that the main reason for which Suu Kyi has been remaining silent may be the Buddhist-Muslim relationship within Myanmar (Brooten Verbruggen, 2017). The relationship is not quite strong so the political benefits are very much involved in this scenario. The history of Rohingya community has affected this relationship as well and this is why Suu Kyi, as a part of the NLD has remained silent. Suu Kyi has been very vocal about the ethnicity in the people of Myanmar. These critical political environments have led Suu Kyi to be very silent (Kipgen, 2013). The complexity of the ethnicity and religious constraints will have to be understood to address the situation that has risen in Myanmar. The Rohingya community has found themselves to be persecuted and completely helpless. The complexity of religions is quite high in this country since the most of the countrys population are ethnic people of Burma. The ethic Barmars are Theravada Buddhists in nature. They are the dominant power in the country and a major force to determine where the politics of the country should evolve. The social media has a major role to play in showcasing the political weather of the country. The political scenario came to be in connection to the fact that the Rohingyas who lived in Rakhine state were not considered to be as part of the population counting or census in the year1983. It has been stated by the media that about 4% of the population of the country is Muslim (Mahmood et al., 2017). There are certain factors that could be explained in order to Suu Kyis silence on the Rohingya refugee factor. This goes with the facts of the policies of the domestic election process and the conflict between the Buddhist and Muslim population. Another important thing is the concepts of Suu Kyi herself on the minority factors. The notable fact in this aspect is that Suu Kyi has been very much silent in case of the Rohingyas only but she had not been that much silent in case of the other issues about minority communities. The probable reason for the less popularity of the Rohingyas lies in the age old rivalry between the conflicts between the different groups in the Rakhine state. Suu Kyi is also very conscious about the fact that her actions should not be harmful for her party. She may lose the votes if she stands in support for the Rohingya Muslims. Some other issues can be highlighted in this scenario in New Zealand. In the recent years, the growth of social media has been very effective in the political context. The political communication has been growing in these circumstances to help the members of the party to stay connected in good frequency. The new trend in this context can be shown as that of the online electoral campaigning, showing the public the development programs that the Government is undertaking recurrently. Social media tools like Facebook have become a revolutionary force in mobilizing the public opinion to the favor of them only (Rainie et al., 2012). The scenario that can be discussed in this segment of social media and politics is the introduction of the e-democracy process. The political parties have launched their own mobile application that helps the followers of the party to stay connected with each other. The political websites have much catered to the knowledge of the people in common. The issue that was discussed in the previous section has become a burning issue in the world and many people have posted their opinions about this case quite often (Rainie et al., 2012). These steps are taken to understand why and how the people are politicized. The manipulation process can also be done by this politics through social media as well. The politicians in different countries have approached to these things in positive manner that will be beneficial for the political parties to get the votes. Social media has also grabbed the focus of the public in a greater way that will be vital for them to understand what the political parties want. The common people can put in their thoughts in the posts of the political leaders. The difference between the active and moderate users has to be understood. The domain of the political communities has been initiated by the social media platforms that would help them to gain more members. However, the main focus of the topic can be on the disheartening condition of the Rohingyas (Turner, 2014). If the political factors are socialized by the social media platforms, the reality of the current political framework would be disclosed. The social media platforms would be gaining the trust of the public as well as these platforms can bring out the inefficiencies of the political leaders to expose their worth as well. The Rohingyas have been living in the Arakan area for many centuries now. These conflicts have driven the ethnic groups to collide w ith each other and they will be very much important for the historical impact on the ethnic communities of Myanmar (Taylor, 2015). The citizens of Myanmar and other big countries have been losing their interests in the dealings of politics within the country and the global context as a whole (Turner, 2014). The governments, political parties and the political institutions are all engaged in manipulating the common people. They want to revitalize the democratic process in the countries and check for the faults within the system. As this is the web 2.0 era, the social media platforms offers the people and the political leaders to stay in connection with one another. This is called the socialization process. If the political parties can stay connected with each other in all the countries, the conflicts between them surely decrease (Grusec Hastings, 2014). The common people can understand what these political leaders are trying to express and they will be guided towards the truth by interaction between the different parties and their followers. The people who use the internet facilities for the politics will be gre atly benefitted. The election campaigns can be done very effectively by the use of the social media itself. The interactive social media tolls will be very helpful to communicate to the people of the area and reach to them. The more number of users in of smart phones and social media are the young generation members. Co incidentally, the younger generations does not have much respect or interest in case of the politicians or the political parties. Barrack Obama had used the various social media platforms for his presidential election campaigns. The younger generations have a special affinity on the social media over the traditional media. However, it is important to understand that those people should be targeted for the votes because they are the futures of the world and their thinking process and opinions must be respected. Conclusion This paper can be concluded by saying that social media and politics are greatly interconnected with each other. The various ways that social media has acted as a catalyst in solving several social issues has been elemental to put more focus on its importance. Millions of people are active in social media nowadays and they can follow the whereabouts of the political leaders in detail by seeing the posts on social sites like Facebook, MySpace, Twitter and some others. The case of tye Rohingya Muslims refugee campaigns have been upheld here to make connection about the silence of Aung San Suu Kyi. She has been a very important factor in determining the ways of life in Myanmar and she has remained very silent about these unwanted incidents and the Rohingya refugees being rendered as shelter less. The buzz in the social media about her silence has been addresses as well. References Brinham, N., 2012. The conveniently forgotten human rights of the Rohingya.Forced Migration Review, (41), p.40. Brooten, L. Verbruggen, Y., 2017. Producing the News: Reporting on Myanmars Rohingya Crisis.Journal of Contemporary Asia,47(3), pp.440-460. Brooten, L., Ashraf, S.I. Akinro, N.A., 2015. Traumatized victims and mutilated bodies: Human rights and the politics of immediationin the Rohingya crisis of Burma/Myanmar.International Communication Gazette,77(8), pp.717-734. Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G.I., Sampson, T. Reenen, J.V., 2016. The consequences of Brexit for UK trade and living standards. Gerbaudo, P., 2012.Tweets and the streets: Social media and contemporary activism. Pluto Press. Grusec, J.E. Hastings, P.D. eds., 2014.Handbook of socialization: Theory and research. Guilford Publications. Howard, P.N. Parks, M.R., 2012. Social media and political change: Capacity, constraint, and consequence.Journal of communication,62(2), pp.359-362. Kipgen, N., 2013. Conflict in Rakhine State in Myanmar: Rohingya Muslims' Conundrum.Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs,33(2), pp.298-310.4 Mahmood, S.S., Wroe, E., Fuller, A. Leaning, J., 2017. The Rohingya people of Myanmar: health, human rights, and identity.The Lancet,389(10081), pp.1841-1850. McQuivey, J., 2013. Digital disruption: Unleashing the next wave of innovation. Nam, T., 2012. Dual effects of the internet on political activism: Reinforcing and mobilizing.Government Information Quarterly,29, pp.S90-S97. Parnini, S.N., 2013. The crisis of the Rohingya as a Muslim minority in Myanmar and bilateral relations with Bangladesh.Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs,33(2), pp.281-297. Parnini, S.N., Othman, M.R. Ghazali, A.S., 2013. The Rohingya refugee crisis and Bangladesh-Myanmar relations.Asian and Pacific Migration Journal,22(1), pp.133-146. Rainie, L., Smith, A., Schlozman, K.L., Brady, H. Verba, S., 2012. Social media and political engagement.Pew Internet American Life Project,19. Taylor, R., 2015. Refighting Old Battles, Compounding Misconceptions: The Politics of Ethnicity in Myanmar Today.ISEAS Perspective,12(2). Turner, A., 2014.Saving Buddhism: The impermanence of religion in colonial Burma. University of Hawai'i Press.

Exploration of Quality Management Practices

Question: Discuss abpout the Exploration of Quality Management Practices. Answer: Introduction Supply Chain Management has a strong handle on every part of physical appropriation and materials management (Adamides, 2015). 75% or a more prominent measure of respondents fused the going with activities as a noteworthy part of their association's Supply Chain Management office limits: Management of inventory Benefit acquisition Handling Supplies Management of Transport operations Management of the warehousing Additionally, the delivery chain control office is required to collect its volume of commitments, routinely as in line with the questioning that sees the call for fulfillment get prepared as one made plan out of sports. Like this, the boundaries, every on occasion alluded to as wanting to be part of into the supply chain management workplace formally is customer support execution, order getting ready/client gain, supply chain management estimated spending. On the other hand, there are sure limits which more than one us may feel soundly have an area with delivery chain control which institutions experience are a perfect vicinity of various workplaces. Maximum tough to bring in the field of Supply Chain Management is third-party receipt installment/review, determination of Sales, master generation arrangement (Amit et al., 2016). The forthcoming years for Supply Chain Management looks splendid. This year, and furthermore a year ago, two essential examples are benefitting Supply Chain Management operations. These are data innovation and client benefit focus. Productive affiliations must be incredible in both of these domains, so the criticalness of Supply Chain Management and the gadgets open to complete the occupation right will continue growing. Why Johnson and Johnson had a wide distribution network Distribution alludes to the means taken to move and store an item from the provider stage to a client arrange in the supply chain. Distribution is a key driver of the general gainfulness of a firm since it straightforwardly impacts both the supply chain cost and the client encounter. Great distribution can be utilized to accomplish an assortment of supply chain targets going from minimal effort to high responsiveness. Therefore, organizations in a similar industry frequently select altogether different distribution systems. At the uppermost point, the execution of a distribution system ought to be assessed along two measurements: Client requirements which addressed Cost of addressing client needs The client needs that are met impact the organization's incomes, which alongside cost choose the gainfulness of the conveyance arrangement. Distribution systems are conceivable to make from the last number components. The topology of distribution systems as one of key choice of the plan, coordination framework is relying upon the quantitative components, a business spot in the marketplace, sort of items, the volume of generation. It also relies on area business and stockrooms, from the status of firm exercises, from the number and its ability of the distribution assets and other (Calandro, 2014). The Fundamental Reason for Success Supply chain choices normally are taken at three levels: vital, strategic and operational. At the key level, choices normally connection to the business procedure and include high ventures, high change-over lead times and longer skylines. At the strategic level organizations concentrate on receiving measures that emphasis on focused needs, for example, moving to an objective cost structure for adjusting certain business sectors. At the operational level, the real concentration is operational proficiency. Choices are regularly made on an everyday premise under the system characterized by key and strategic levels. Selection of a Two-Stage Optimization approach: A two-organize approach functions while doing a supply chain arrange enhancement and configuration work out. This is valid in all parts of the choice progressive system (Dagne et al., 2017). Channel Approach: Most organizations need to work with a large number of the item, process-and offices-related speculation/divestment alternatives keeping in mind the end goal to accomplish the composed future target. This unpredictability prompts numerous situations being made. For quicker outcomes, it is imperative that the primary phase of the system advancement exercise is focused on restricting the situations to empower enhancement. This should be possible by utilizing the key performance indicators (KPIs) set for a vital system configuration exercise, for example, venture cost, the cost of possession, degree of profitability and so on. Affectability Analysis: Once we hit the zone of optimality, itemized imagine a scenario where investigations ought to be done before settling the key proposals, through various situation examinations in view of conceivable changes sought after size and shape, cost expansion and flattening, financial approach, et cetera. Maintaining a Competitive Advantage Supply chain framework setup is a compelling methodology exhibited to pass on a basic decline in supply chain costs and updates in organization levels by better modifying supply chain strategies. It consolidates end-to-end supply chain cost, including purchase, era, warehousing, stock, and transportation. While this is seen as a key supply chain masterminding action, affiliations can build high ground by running supply chain arrange circumstances, evaluating and proactively realizing modifications with knowledge of trade positions such as the introduction of other products, development of other sources of supply, variations in cost laws and so on. The supply chain structure has dynamically turned out to be scattered worldwide (Elliot et al., 2016). A combination of partsgoing from the new market area, cost structures, charge laws and so on have caused organizations to reconfigure and overhaul their chains of supply consistently. The resulting addition in the unreliability of channel and market supply as well as passed on workplaces has solidified associated arrangements more versatile and difficult. Submitted joined supply chain bunches have hopped up to help manage the complexities of overall supply chain effectively. This article inspects the key needs around supply chain sort out the arrangement and the need to incidentally make key, key and operational decisions. Associations have positioned property into methodology, gadgets, and assets for finish efficiency and practicality thru their supply chains. Endless have moved to a fused masterminding approach with the objective of prolonged employer stage, responsiveness, and on-time complete shipping while shrewdly conforming running capital wishes. Anyhow, such deliberate organizing continually starts with a doubt that supply chain frameworks are static and tend closer to riding change across the same. Since supply chains themselves are quick, supply chain arranges design sincere attempt to make delivery chains safely planned to address cutting-edge adjustments and risks in the future (Ettore Enrico, 2015). While there are no certain responses to decide the recurrence of such an activity, it is vital that organizations survey their key measurements and objectives against existing supply chain networks occasionally. Request condition and supply side abilities are not static, and doing a yearly audit of key working needs like stock needs, cost to serve channels/outlets, and so on is a smart thought. In consequence of outside triggers, the group needs to complete preliminary activities well ahead of time to suit long haul choices and their lead time to execute. Supply chain network outline with an effective demonstrating methodology can convey a noteworthy lessening in supply chain cost and changes in administration levels. It combines entire supply chain cost: transportation, creation, buying of stock, and warehousing. Organizations can return to their system intermittently, considering changes in trade situations, for example, administrative changes and other sources of supply in order to better adjust supply chain systems (Gensheng George, 2011). Relevant steps in the design process of the SCM Supply Chain Management practices is an enormous essentialness in running key operations for practically every association. Without a fruitful supply chain, procedures could end at the floor level and last cut down the outcomes. For such a large number of decades, supply chains have experienced their very own voyage from being so easy to as of late created calculation based ones. With regularly advancing supply chain ideas, supply chain management handle has turned into a committed capacity. Supply chain chiefs are given the duty to guarantee that supply chain, be it outer or interior, is productive and savvy both. In any case, another question that surfaces are how they do it? The component to be taken after for successful supply chain management prepare includes five essential stages clarified here. Arrangement Planning is the key some portion of the supply chain management process, to discover an ideal diagram of how to satisfy the end necessity. SCM directors ought to distinguish a rundown of key parts like plant area and size, stockroom outlining, conveyance models, IT arrangements' determination and so on. Not just this, supply chain management process would be inadequate if key grids like transportation cost displaying, distribution center effectiveness models and so on are not created. Source At this phase of supply chain management, the accentuation is on to find out the most dependable of providers for crude materials so generation process could never imperil. In any case, testing conditions do emerge amid operations; supply chain chiefs must guarantee key agony purposes of supply cycle are continually being followed to keep the motor running. An authoritative structure, and also, the choice of a competent provider, is a certain something. However, there ought to be an unmistakable framework set up for the consistent improvement of providers which would support their proficiency also. Execute This is the phase where very much planned procedures are actualized so that a noticeable shape is given to existing arrangements as made items which are prepared for testing, bundling and conveyance. Not just this, comes about at this stage are evaluated so that greatest conceivable productivity is accomplished. Professionals plan IT arrangements which empower clients in building magnificence and enhancing effectiveness at the execution phase of the supply chain management handle. Convey Supply chain when achieves this stage, the bosses have a job needing to be done to convey the item/benefit in the correct amount, at the opportune place and perfect time by utilizing appropriate transporters. Supply chain supervisors ought to be completely furnished with current IT apparatuses to keep a track on warehousing systems, stock models and also invoicing and installment receipts. Return Returns' taking care of is the last stride of the supply chain management prepare. It not just includes assessing returned items for quality purposes additionally dealing with their stock. At the ground level, supply chain administrators ought to send their assets supporting them with innovation for speedier pickups, faster substitutions and so forth. Returns management ought to be an esteem upgrade measure according to supply chain directors, and they should guarantee each attractive measure is taken for most extreme conceivable effectiveness. Hofmann (2010) trusts in their Implement, Manage and Design technique for every one of the tasks it attempts and ensures that above strides are taken after at an essential level in all supply chains. Specialists, additionally reason that for effective usage of the supply chain management handle, beat level officials ought to make fundamental key moves to keep their supply chains significant in changing business situations. Other than that, with the developing pattern of innovation usage, supply chain management process ought to be planned with a degree for execution of reasonable IT arrangements. Supply chain directors ought not to be opposed to strategic changes which would be cost helpful in all angles like warehousing, transportation, stock and so forth. At last, to top it up, exercises at an operational level like ordinary management of supply chain must adjust to business objectives. Other factors in the Network Optimization study For the view of the clients about the item or administration, an essential period of the supply chain is the distribution, since it speaks to a connection to the clients, through which they encounter and evaluate the working of the supply chain all in all. The development of the distribution comprises fundamentally of deciding the number and areas of coordination and distribution focuses, their catchment zone, capacity, limit, and operation innovation. This is the premise of deciding the vehicle strategy (transport course, progression) and the vehicle innovation. The distribution system is framed by the set prerequisites of adequacy and proficiency of the supply chain, inconsistency with the corporate rivalry procedure, and the nature of the arrangement got along these lines can be checked by the recreation on the numerical model. The investigation of the reproduction results can give ID of the components that should be upgraded keeping in mind the end goal to defend the calculated expenses, and this will be introduced on the model of real distribution connect with the cross-docking framework. Next to the general lessening of the aggregate logistic expenses as a typical goal, the use of logistic outsourcing has given certain quantifiable result reflected in the specific change components accomplished (Kamran Haris, 2012). Organizations such as Johnson and Johnson have understood the significance of supply chain linkage alignment, nevertheless, are not able to make the finest use of it. The assessment usually lies in picking the right approach. Internal parts driving supply chain design are revolved around driving organization movement and working capital streamlining across over existing frameworks. For example, stock change rehearses over the supply chain sort out focus on getting the stock framework agreeable center point of the supply chain using a customer driven approach. On the other hand, external components furthermore drive important essential changes. For example, proposed to force changes would give a new technique around supply chain organize blueprint and move to changes, for instance, greater and more united warehousing workplaces. In this manner, the costs related to certain organization levels could transform into stress. Conflicting upgrade objectives by limits incite defective supply chain execution. Outside Factors: Traditionally, associations have set up chains of supply and particular factories over the framework to examine diminishments, change concessions, work arbitrage, capital sponsorships, diminished coordination cost and customer closeness. A steeply-priced a part of these elements may be encouraged with the aid of political and money related method changes, raising uncertainty approximately the congruity/optimality of the present supply plan (organize). A sizeable part of the time, the impact of these moves is adequately broad to drive key fundamental supply chain changes. Put together for such modifications is important via the use of quintessential displaying and framework Association works out (Kamran Haris, 2012). Relevant Factors on the Supply Side The use of supply chain management includes distinguishing the delivery chain individuals with whom it is primary to the interface, the processes to be connected with every of these key individuals, and the type/stage of incorporation that applies to every manner join. The purpose of supply chain management is to make the maximum incentive for the complete delivery chain prepare, which includes the end-client. Fruitful deliver chain management consists of the coordination of sports within the firm and among individuals from the delivery chain. Consequently, delivery chain joining of techniques and re-engineering sports need to be long past for boosting absolute manner proficiency and viability over the delivery chain. Despite the fact that the utilitarian skill stays set up, executing supply chain management requires making a move from a practical association to one concentrated on business forms first inside the firm and afterward crosswise over firms in the supply chain (Marco et al., 2012). On the off chance that the correct coordination instruments are not set up over the different capacities, the supply chain procedures will be neither viable nor productive. By taking a procedure concentrate, all capacities that touch the item or give data must cooperate. For instance, buying relies on deals and advertising information sustained through a generation calendar to survey particular request levels and timing of necessities. These requests drive generation prerequisites that, thus, are transmitted upstream to providers. The exemplary exhibited here incorporates the capacitated area, generation, and appropriation works in a solitary quantitative model. It in this way accomplishes the objective of synchronous, rather than consecutive, streamlining of supply chain capacities. Investigation of answers for substantial estimated issues utilizing this model demonstrates a sensible execution on arrangement time. Recommendation This exploration introduces a model permitting bosses too, all the while enhancing the area, client portions, and item allotment choices inside a multi-plant, supply chain framework. This is an augmentation of existing writing and valuable for scholastics and experts alike. Future research can be coordinated towards considering stochastic rather than a deterministic request. This will help in considering a more practical picture in circumstances where there is a ton of vulnerability in the market. Bibliography Adamides, E., 2015. Linking operations strategy to the corporate strategy process: a practice perspective. Business Process Management Journal, 12(2), pp. 266-287. Amit Sinha, William P. Millhiser, Yuanjie He, 2016. Matching supply with demand in supply chain management education. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 27(3), pp. 837-861. Calandro, J., 2014. New insights for corporate strategists from a renowned value investor. Strategy Leadership, 42(6), pp. 29-36. Dagne Birhanu, Lanka Krishnanand, Neelakanteswara Rao, 2017. Comparison of select financial parameters of Ethiopian consumer goods supply chains. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 24(1), pp. 102-117. Elliot Simangunsong, Linda C. Hendry, Mark Stevenson, 2016. Managing supply chain uncertainty with emerging ethical issues. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 36(10), pp. 1272-1307. Ettore Bolisani, Enrico Scarso, 2015. Strategic Planning approaches to knowledge management: a taxonomy. VINE, 45(4), pp. 495-508. Gensheng (Jason) Liu, George D. Deitz, 2011. Linking supply chain management with mass customization capability. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 41(7), pp. 668-683. Hofmann, E., 2010. Linking corporate strategy and supply chain management. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 40(4), pp. 256-276. Kamran Rashid, Haris Aslam, 2012. Business excellence through total supply chain quality management. Asian Journal on Quality, 13(3), pp. 309-324. Marco Tieman, Jack G.A.J. van der Vorst, Maznah Che Ghazali, 2012. Principles in halal supply chain management. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 3(3), pp. 217-243. Martin Christopher, Matthias Holweg, 2011. Supply Chain 2.0: managing supply chains in the era of turbulence. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 41(1), pp. 63-82. Mesut Pala, Francis Edum-Fotwe, Kirti Ruikar, Nathan Doughty, Chris Peters, 2014. Contractor practices for managing extended supply chain tiers. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 19(1), pp. 31-45. Nikolaos Vlachakis, Athanassios Mihiotis, Costas P Pappis, Ioannis N Lagoudis, 2016. A methodology for analyzing shipyard supply chains and supplier selection. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 23(2), pp. 443-455. Philip Beske, Stefan Seuring, 2014. Putting sustainability into supply chain management. Supply Chain Management, An International Journal, 19(3), pp. 322-331. Rao Tummala, Tobias Schoenherr, 2011. Assessing and managing risks using the Supply Chain Risk Management Process (SCRMP). Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 16(6), pp. 474-483. Scott A. Dellana, John F. Kros, 2014. An exploration of quality management practices, perceptions and program maturity in the supply chain. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 34(6), pp. 786-806. Stefan Gold, Alexander Trautrims, Zoe Trodd, 2015. Modern slavery challenges to supply chain management. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 20(5), pp. 485-494. Stefan Schaltegger, Roger Burritt, 2014. Measuring and managing sustainability performance of supply chains: Review and sustainability supply chain management framework. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 19(3), pp. 232-241. Teece, D., 2010. Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation. Long Range Planning, 43(1), pp. 174-192. Vikas Kumar, Marlene Amorim, Arijit Bhattacharya, Jose Arturo Garza-Reyes, 2016. Managing reverse exchanges in service supply chains. Supply Chain Management, An International Journal, 12(2), pp. 157-165.

Battle For Gun Control Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Battle For Gun Control Essay, Research Paper The Battle for Gun Control Jason Reifschneider March 8, 1999 The Battle for Gun Control The United States of America has the highest rate of gun-related deceases of any states in the universe, and yet has some of the most broad policies of gun control. Very few Torahs exist that limit the sale, or trade of guns. Controversy surrounds this issue, with both sides touting statistics and studies to back up their instance. However, the issue of gun-control ordinances has non been resolved. Gun-control Torahs have regulated gun purchasing power, and yet has non provided clear cogent evidence of any sort of offense decrease. Americans have the right to bear weaponries as the Second Amendment provinces. This is a right, an undeniable privilege. When the fundamental law was created it was a symbolic gesture. The amendments created were to be the foundations of a great society they were the desires, and wants of this new state. We will write a custom essay sample on Battle For Gun Control Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Second Amendment was one of these desires. It states that all Americans have the right to bear weaponries, a right to have guns. It says nil about how this right should be hindered by control Torahs. A group that declares itself a guardian of this amendment is the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) . The NRA drapes itself with the Second Amendment, utilizing it as a cover-all for their beliefs. The NRA is America # 8217 ; s biggest opposition of gun control. Their slogan: Guns don # 8217 ; t kill people, people kill people. They oppose gun control on the footing that it restricts a Constitutional right that every American demand protected. Guns are legal, easy to purchase and fundamentally rather inexpensive. They can be bought anyplace. From the vicinity Wal-Mart to the secondary black-market. Americans love their guns. We have obsession with guns. 71 % of Americans own a gun. ( National Safety Council, 1995 ) Guns are a symbol of strength, maleness an undeniable power. But, does our love and popularity of guns have an affect on gun related offense and deceases? Pro-gun advocators would hold us believe non. The National Center for Policy Analysis claims this is the figure one myth that gun-control protagonists spew. They point to Switzerland as illustrations of states with high gun ownership and low offense rates. Switzerland ahs the highest sum of gun ownership in the universe, and yet has one of the lowest slaying rates in the universe. Switzerland relays on this high rate of gun ownership, since there is no active military all males 20-50 old ages old are required by jurisprudence to transport a military -issued au tomatic arm. However, this fact does little to back up the pro gun argument, since many other states such as Britain and Japan besides have low gun related deceases, but besides have low gun ownership rates. Whenever a fatal gun accident takes topographic point, peculiarly when a kid is involved if frequently makes province or national intelligence, such as the cause with the Jonesboro shots of spring of 1998. The onslaught and slaying of kids indignation America, doing a rage of gun-control advocators demanding stricter Torahs and punishments to protect kids from gun force. The NRA late lobbied for a licking in statute law ( brought before the senate as an reply to school land shots ) that would # 8217 ; ve made trigger locks compulsory. Although the Senate finally turned down the measure, may believe it would be the unequivocal gun jurisprudence to protect kids. Unfortunately, others saw otherwise. Mrs. Tanya Mates, executive manager NRA Institute for Legislative Action was quoted as stating # 8220 ; It was a great a twenty-four hours for gun safety in America, thanks to the U.S Senate. # 8221 ; ( Policy.com: Issue Library Gun Violence and Children ) This jurisprudence could hold pr otected kids but at what monetary value? When kids are violent, will gun Torahs forestall them killing? Americans will hold peace of head, but the power of the Second Amendment will be diluted. Unfortunately, Americans can non happen a common land. How can Americans protect both the rights of gun proprietors, and possible victims of gun force? Unfortunately, it takes decease or a great hurt for Torahs to be established, and so be brought up for statute law. The Brady Bill, passed February 28, 1994 established a jurisprudence that required that person might purchase all accredited pieces purchases subject on instant felon background cheque before the gun. This measure established by Jim Brady as a preventative step that would curtail felons from buying a gun. Jim Brady was shot while protecting the president Ronald Regan in 1980 by a adult male with a past felon record. Advocates of gun control claim this jurisprudence has decreased gun-related offense in America. While offense has decreased by 7 % in ten old ages, it has non been proven that this jurisprudence is the cause. And yet, force in teens and kids has accelerated. Why the recent force? Many point to our inexorable environment. Television, films and videogames as chief perpetrators for engendering these violent ideas in Americas kids. However, the facts remain: a k id can play guns, and still non harbour deathly purposes. The cause is far greater than that. The cause is accessibility. Guns are alluring, and easy for kids to acquire a clasp of. 88 % of childr nuts are injured or killed in hiting are shot in their places of relations and friends ( Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms: National Safety Council ) Gun control Torahs were created as a means non merely to protect Americans, but besides as agencies of offense decrease. The theory being that with fewer guns on the street, the less guns used for condemnable intents. Registering guns is non a preventative step. It has non proven to forestall gun offense. There are merely excessively many guns to command. Guns are easy assessable. Guns are a big portion of the American civilization. Americans have an international image, that we are violent, gun-toting cowpuncher. An image that is non needfully untrue. Guns are everyplace. Children conveying them to school so frequently that most interior metropolis public schools house metal sensors at their doors. How do Americans compensate our right to have guns, and our desire to protect others from their force? Guns are a necessary in all states, with Americans the 2nd merely to the most sum of amassed guns. Guns we claim are a protectant, and those gun control Torahs help Americans. And yet, n o clear facts have proven that gun Torahs have decreased offense. They neither aid, nor promote gun ownership. Are gun-control Torahs the reply? Possibly, this is non an reply easy given. Countless studies and statistics support both sides to this argument whether or non they are powerful in forestalling offense. Registering guns and gun control is non a new thought. Many states have adopted similar Torahs. A celebrated quotation mark that neither supports nor debunks gun control is one by Adolph Hitler. # 8220 ; This twelvemonth ( 1935 ) will travel on in history! For the first clip, a civilised state has full gun enrollment! Our streets will be safer, our constabularies more efficient and the universe will follow our lead into the hereafter! # 8221 ; And the universe has. In fact, Australia has some of the strictest gun-control Torahs established because of Americas instead broad gun-control Torahs. In a state such as Australia, on that prides itself as outback, wild and renegade, they late tightened already rigorous gun policies. Australian Prime Minister Jon Howard said that his # 8220 ; most effectual # 8221 ; line is accumulating support for an assault arms has been America. # 8220 ; I don # 8217 ; t want Australia to travel down the American way. There is a widespread position, which I believe is rather accurate, that the high homicide rates in the U.S. is in past due to the slack gun laws. # 8221 ; ( Los Angeles Times: July 30th, 1998 ) Americans gun Torahs are so slack due to wholly to the Second Amendment. This is a powerful Constitutional right. One that is defended by every bit powerful resistance. Most states have adopted similar Torahs as Australia. America is paralleled to every other state as a premonition to those states. And yet, America has about the same offense rates as Britain, Australia, and France. ( Time: May 14, 1998 ) Why are gun control Torahs so popular in most states? For many grounds, citizens without guns are people without power. They are people without the control to garner a reserves, or oppose any authorities. With constabulary and felons being the merely to 1s to ain guns, mean citizens need non worry. However, Americans still have the right to have a gun. Unlike other first universe states, we are virtually unrestricted in our gun purchasing powers. While we no longer necessitate guns to protect us on an mundane footing, they # 8217 ; rhenium still a convenience. One that many take adv antage of. Gun control Torahs may non hold proved to diminish offense, but they have regulated American gun power. Gun control Torahs are controversial for many grounds they restrict a constitutional right, doing the NRA and others to protest and buttonhole against their blessing. Nevertheless, gun control Torahs continue. New measures are created every twenty-four hours. In fact, since May of 1998, President Clinton has made gun safety a major aim and has proposed the Nationwide Child Access Prevention Laws. Laws that would do grownups responsible for any actions taken by kids with guns. If parents have neglected to procure their pieces, and let easy entree to a gun they would be reprehensively charged with their kid # 8217 ; s # 8217 ; offense. Gun control is really popular among politicians. Many believe it is the end-all to offense, and slaying. However, Americans can non avoid more gun ordinances. As America develops our demand for guns will cut down, and more limitations will take topographic point. Which is why gun control Torahs are so controversial. Americans feel protected by the huge wing of Amendment 2 of the Constitution. But, gun control Torahs hone in on the power that that amendment has. Gun control Torahs are merely that. Control Torahs. They control what sorts of guns we buy, how we buy them, and who gets to have them. However, more Torahs will boom. It is inevitable. Americans demand gun control Torahs, at the same clip they admonish them. Guns and Public Health: Epidemic of Violence or Pandemic of Propaganda? James D Wright and Peter Rossi: 1994 Policy.com: Gun Control in America: updated July 30, 1998 Time Sylvestor Monroe: # 8221 ; Guns in America # 8221 ; , May 1998 Armed and Considered Dangerous: A Survey of Felons and Firearms: Daniel Kates, 1986

Review of Molieres The Imaginary Invalid

Review of Molieres The Imaginary Invalid Moliere's 'The Imaginary Invalid' is a farcical play about a hypochondriac who is so obsessed with his health and money that he ends up neglecting his family. The story involves several different themes and plots within one family. A new interpretation of this 17th century play is now being performed at the Arts Club Theater; it incorporates some new changes and modernizations in addition to the traditional improvisation. Morris Panych has definitely succeeded in delivering a new, more comical version of Moliere's final play.Moreover, the dominant theme of this play is body versus mind. The play is about a wealthy, but stingy man who believes that he is constantly sick (Argan). However, there is an obvious doubt to whether he is really sick or if he is just imagining his illness. Therefore, the primary theme is Argan's internal struggle of body vs. mind. This theme is developed throughout the play into smaller themes such as masculinity versus femininity, greed versus love, and death versus life.English: Pura D'or Argan Oil Product: Pure this definitely confuses the original play by Moliere. One of the original purposes of the play was to...

You Are The Judge Papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You Are The Judge Papers - Essay Example A counter-argument from Zoom would be that it was Corrigan who had manufactured the compass, which was faulty and so Daniel should bring an action against them. It is evident on the facts that the compass was faulty and so it wouldn’t be a cause of installation by Zoom. The argument is more than likely to succeed and would therefore leave the forum of Daniel bringing an action against Corrigan under privity of contract, the law of which will now be discussed. Daniel can argue that since this was a contract whereby he acquired the subject matter that is the compass along with the car, he can enforce the contract against Corrigan (Linden Gardens Trust v Lenesta Sludge). Clearly Daniel does not have any direct remedy against Corrigan and so would be able to bring an action against them. Furthermore, another option that would be available for Daniel would be an order by court requiring the rectification and performance of fault and accepting such breach (Snelling v. John G Snelling). Corrigan can argue that they had a contract with Zoom and they are accountable to them and so Zoom and not Daniel should bring an action for breach of contract forward. This is a strong argument, which has to be rebutted by the principles of privity of contract, which have been discussed above and so would allow a claim by Daniel against Corrigan. Another argument that can be stated by Corrigan would be of faulty installation by Zoom. However, it is evident from the fact that the compass itself was faulty and thus such an argument is likely to fail. Finally the problem that can arise is that of foreseeability. Corrigan would state that medical costs should not be allowed because of the fact that even though the compass was faulty it was clearly not foreseeable that such an act would lead to injury. This argument is more than likely to succeed as the situations that have led to the injury and medical costs were more than unlikely and therefore Daniel

Tort Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tort Law - Assignment Example It is also likely that the question of transferred malice might arise in Stella’s case since the assault was initially aimed at the doctor and inadvertently struck Stella. The issue of consent also arises as it appears the Mick did not consent to the doctor’s treatment and whether or not the absence of consent will render the doctor’s medical treatment a battery. Each of these issues are discussed in detail below. Assault arises out of conduct that puts the victim in fear of immediate or instant harm or force to his person (Rogers 2002). In order to substantiate a claim of assault it is not necessary to prove that actual physical contact was made. Similarly, intention to cause harm is not a necessary element of the tort of assault. All that is necessary is a reasonable apprehension of harm is sufficient to substantiate the tort of trespass to the person on a claim of assault. Whether or not the victim is afraid or capable of truncating or thwarting an assault is immaterial. This is because the test is an objective test and largely depend on what a reasonable man would reasonably perceive (Stephens v Myers (1830) 4 C & P 349 ). In Stephens v Myers (1830) a man was asked to leave a meeting and in response he launched toward the chairman but was quickly interrupted by the warden, preventing any contact. Even so, the court found that the conduct amounted to the tort of assault and ruled that: Be that as it may, not every threatening gesture will amount to an assault. In Thomas v Num [1986] Ch 20, picketing protesters made threats of violence in circumstances where police were able to hold them back. It was held that no assault was made because in the circumstances the defendants were not in a position to carry out their threats regardless of how determined they may have seemed (Thomas v Num [1986] ). Applying the reasoning in Thomas and Stephens, it is entirely unlikely that Mick would be successful in a

European Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

European Business - Research Paper Example As a result, various important countries were trapped in a deflationary ensnare. The impact was visible almost in every sector of the global economy. One of the major causes revealed by the evidences is the inefficiency of the financial markets in controlling the liquidity ratio with over liberalised monetary policies in most of the developed countries. Notably, the impact was strongest in terms of international trade and investment (UNCTAD, 2009). Considering the fact, this report will emphasise on the current global economic situation. The impact of the current trends will be further analysed with the example of a multinational company, Nissan in terms of international trade and investment. ... The financial measures undertaken by the governments of developed countries have significantly contributed to the financial stability of the world economy. However, the structural limitations faced by these economies are likely to cause risks in relation to the debt, real estate and credit markets along with other factors which in turn can affect the overall economic stability. Lower GDP growth rate, widening fiscal deficit, political conflict, and other similar issues can be observed as the most effective trends in the current economic situation concerning the developed countries (UNCTAD, 2010). Surprisingly, the developing countries were recorded to be least effected by the recent economic downturn, gaining an extra advantage of sovereignty in the world economy. Comparatively well-structured fiscal policies and a strong growth of GDP have evidently signified the developing countries as the major drivers of economic upturn in the current scenario. Contradicting to the developed econ omies, the growth trends of the developing nations signify ample opportunities for international trade and investment. However, the economies can be witnessed to possess few limitations in terms of their dependency on the developed countries. Moreover, the developing economies are also recorded to face the challenges in terms of structural issues which depict a moderate growth prospect on the future context (Department for Business Innovation & Skills, 2011). These trends can also be witnessed in the context of EU economies. Notably, the member states of EU comprises of both developed as well as developing economies. This depicts that the European market is likely to face the risks of weak and moderate growth along with various challenges in terms of fiscal

Biceps Tendon Rupture With Post-operative Complications

Biceps Tendon Rupture With Post-operative Complications Locomotor PBL Experiment Writeup Introduction In this PBL, we observe a case of biceps tendon rupture with post-operative complication of heterotopic ossification. We will first go through the anatomy of the upper limb followed by a discussion of the ruptured biceps tendon, heterotopic ossification and finally mode of action of indomethacin. Learning Objectives 1. Osteology of the upper limb with emphasis on the elbow and wrist 2. The neurovascular supply to the upper limb 3. Movements possible at joints of upper limb and the range of movements possible with regards to the elbow and wrist and the muscles that bring about these actions. 4. Rupture of distal biceps tendon 5. Heterotopic ossification 6. Mode of action of Indomethacin 1. Osteology of the upper limb with emphasis on the elbow and wrist Arm The humerus is the largest and longest bone of the arm region connecting the shoulder to the forearm. Proximally, the head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula forming the glenohumeral joint. Distally the humerus articulates with the two bones of the forearm, the ulna and radius. The humerus is shown in more detail in figure 1 below. Figure 1 Humerus (1) For Anil’s case we will focus several prominent features on the distal region of the humerus which forms part of the elbow. There are two projections on either side of the distal end of the humerus which are the medial and lateral epicondyle. The medial epicondyle protects the ulnar nerve which passes just posteriorly and also serves as the attachment site for the forearm superficial flexor muscles. The lateral epicondyle conversely is the attachment site for the forearm extensor muscles. Anteriorly in between these two epicondyles are two articular surfaces: the round surfaced lateral capitulum which articulates with the radius and the spool shaped medial trochlea which articulates with the ulna. Also anteriorly, the radial fossa directly above the capitulum accommodates the head of the radius during flexion of the elbow whereas the coronoid fossa directly above the trochlea accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion of the elbow. Both the radial and coronoi d fossa limit flexion of the elbow. Posteriorly, the olecranon fossa accommodates the olecranon process of the ulna during extension of the elbow. The olecranon fossa prevents hyperextension of the elbow. Forearm The forearm is made up of two bones: ulna and radius. Proximally both of these bones articulate with the humerus whereas distally only the radius directly articulates with the carpals of the wrist thus connecting the arm to the wrist. The ulna and radius are shown in figure 2 below. Figure 2 Radius and Ulna (1) The ulna The ulna is the stabilizing bone of the forearm and is medial and longer of the two bones. There is a projection anteriorly at the proximal end called the coronoid process which fits into the coronoid fossa during elbow extension. Posteriorly on the proximal end of the ulna is the olecranon process (which forms the prominence of the elbow) which fits into the olecranon fossa during elbow extension. The articular surface between the olecranon and the coronoid articulates with the trochlear of the humerus and gives the movements of elbow extension and flexion. The radius The radius is the lateral and shorter of the two bones. The head of the radius is a flat button shaped process that articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. The neck of the radius is a constriction just distal to the head which Anil has fractured. Due to the fact that no neurovascular problems were found, it is safe to conclude that the deep branch of the radial nerve was not damaged in this case. The radial tuberosity is distal to the neck on the anterior site which is the attachment point for the tendon of biceps. Wrist The ulna does not directly articulate with the carpal bones of the wrist distally. There is an articular disc between the smaller distal head of the ulna and the carpal bones. The radius directly articulates with the scaphoid and lunate carpal bones on its larger distal end. This is shown in figure 3 below. Figure 3 Wrist joint (1) 2 The neurovascular supply of the upper limb Arterial supply The upper limb is supplied by the subclavian artery which branches off from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right and aortic arch on the left. The subclavian artery extends from its origin to the lateral border of the first rib. It then changes its name to the axillary artery which extends to the lateral border of teres major after which it becomes the brachial artery. The brachial artery extends to the cubital fossa of the elbow where it bifurcates into the radial and ulnar artery which run down the lateral and medial side of the forearm respectively. These two arteries anastomose in the palm of the hand forming the superficial (mainly supplied by ulnar artery) and deep (mainly supplied by radial artery) palmar arches. The fingers are supplied by the digital arteries branching from the palmar arches. The arterial supply is illustrated in figure 4 below. Figure 4 Arterial supply of upper limb (2) Venous supply There are two main types of veins in the upper limb. Firstly, superficial veins which can be seen subcutaneously. There are three main superficial veins which are the cephalic (laterally), basilic (medially) and median cubital (connection between cephalic and basilica at the cubital fossa) veins. The superficial veins are shown in figure 5 below. Figure 5 Venous supply to upper limb (3) Secondly, there are deep veins which usually accompanies the arteries in pairs and have the same name as the arteries. Perforating veins connect the superficial and deep veins to allow blood to always find a way back to the heart. All the veins eventually drains into the axillary vein, then to the subclavian vein, then brachiocephalic vein and finally into the heart via superior vena cava. Nervous supply The brachial plexus serves as the nerve supply for the upper limb arising from spinal nerve roots from C5, 6, 7, 8 and T1. There are 5 terminal branches of the brachial plexus in the arm. Table 1 below shows the five terminal nerves with their corresponding roots, motor supply, sensory supply and clinical test. Table 1 Nerves, corresponding roots, motor supply, sensory supply and clinical test (4) 3 Movements possible at joints of upper limb and the range of movements possible with regards to the elbow and wrist and the muscles that bring about these actions. The elbow consists of three joints: the humeroulnar joint from the trochlear notch of the ulnar to trochlear of humerus, the humeroradial joint from the head of the radius to the capitulum of humerus and the superior radioulnar joint from the head of the radius to the radial notch of the ulna. The humeroulnar and humeroradial joints allow for flexion and extension of the elbow whereas the superior radioulnar joint allows for pronation and supination. This happens when the head of the radius which is enclosed in annular ligament crosses over the fixed ulna bone. The muscles that move the elbow are shown in table 2 below: Table 2 Main muscles of elbow (5) Movements and ranges for the elbow and wrist are shown in table 3 below: Table 3 Movements and ranges for elbow and wrist (6) 4 Rupture of distal biceps tendon Symptoms Symptoms include swelling in the front of the elbow, severe pain at the elbow and a bulge in the upper arm because of the shortened biceps brachii muscle. Since Anil shows no biceps tendon reflex upon assessment, this is likely to be a complete rupture of the tendon. Cause In this case, Anil is diagnosed to have ruptured his distal biceps tendon which attaches to the radial tuberosity. Distal biceps tendon rupture tends to be caused by a single traumatic event involving flexion of the elbow at a right angle against resistance. For Anil, the snapping of the rope caused his elbow to straighten suddenly. His biceps contracted extra hard to prevent this from happening but the extreme tension in his biceps and tendon led to the rupture of the distal biceps tendon. Treatment Since Anil is still relatively young at 38 years old and still needs full use of his upper limb, the surgical treatment option is most preferred. Sometimes the tendon is attached by stitching through holes made in the bone. However the surgery for Anil was done by attaching the tendon to the bone using a small metal plate and screws into the radius to secure the plate usually called the endobutton technique (7, 8) which has a very good prognosis of regaining full mobility in the elbow. Complications Complications after the surgery include nerve damage and heterotopic ossification. After eight weeks Anil returned with stiffness, difficulty in turning his hand over and wrist pain which the doctor diagnosed as heterotopic ossification after palpation of a firm mass along the biceps tendon. Direct intervention was not taken as the biceps tendon needed time to fully heal. 5 Heterotopic ossification Heterotopic ossification is the growth of bone in abnormal places such as soft tissue. Heterotopic ossification is a notable complication of distal biceps tendon repair. The current proposed pathogenesis of how heterotopic ossification arises is the transformation of pluripotential mesenchymal cells which are recruited to the fracture healing site into osteoblasts that results in ectopic bone formation. (9) Bone, tendons and ligaments which are all connective tissue all share the same mesenchymal stem cell origin (shown in figure 6) and thus mesenchymal stem cells recruited to promote tendon repair can differentiate into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts can also be pulled out of the bone when the tendon ruptures and therefore can lead to bone deposition. Hence great attention has been given to cleaning and irrigating the surgical zone. (10) Figure 6 Mesenchymal stem cells differentiation (11) The heterotopic ossification at the biceps tendon led to Anil having reduced supination to just 20Â ° due to the biceps being the main supinator muscle. After twenty weeks, the heterotopic ossification was surgically removed. Radiation therapy has been an established supplement in treatment of heterotopic ossification. (10, 12, 13) The mechanism of how radiation therapy works is still unclear but is thought to inhibit pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells from differentiating. (14) However, even though radiation therapy is effective, there has been concerns about malignancy from the radiation. Low doses ( 6 Mode of action of Indomethacin Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) such as Indomethacin are also commonly used to supplement surgical excision of heterotopic ossifications. (10, 13) Indomethacin non-selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX1 and COX 2) which are involved in the production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. During the healing of a fracture, mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes which is independent of COX-2. COX-2 then produces prostaglandins which cause the chondrocytes to hypertrophy. These hypertrophic cells secrete growth factors which cause angiogenesis, osteoclast recruitment, osteogenesis and fracture bridging which leads to bone deposition shown in figure 7 below. However NSAIDs have to be carefully prescribed especially with patients who have reflux diseases as NSAIDs can lead to ulcer formation. (19) Figure 7 Formation of bone via COX-2 and prostaglandins (20) In conclusion, more research has to be done into the pathophysiology of heterotopic ossification as well as selective drugs that only inhibit COX-2 so that NSAIDs can be safely prescribed even for patients who have reflux diseases. Bibliography 1.N. Marieb E, Hoehn K. Human Anatomy and Physiology. 9th ed: Pearson Education Inc; 2013. 2.Quizlet. BIO 1600 Chapter 13 2015 [cited 2015 16 February]. Available from: http://quizlet.com/16204351/bio-1600-chapter-13-flash-cards/. 3.TeachMeAnatomy. Venous Drainage of the Upper Limb 2015 [cited 2015 16 February]. Available from: http://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/vasculature/veins/. 4.Wong You Jing J. Nerves, corresponding roots, motor supply, sensory supply and clinical test2015. 5.Wong You Jing J. Main muscles of elbow. 2015. 6.Wong You Jing J. Movements and ranges for the elbow and wrist2015. 7.Bain GI, Prem H, Heptinstall RJ, Verhellen R, Paix D. Repair of distal biceps tendon rupture: a new technique using the Endobutton. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2000;9(2):120-6. 8.Greenberg JA, Fernandez JJ, Wang T, Turner C. EndoButton-assisted repair of distal biceps tendon ruptures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2003;12(5):484-90. 9.H. Hastings II, Grahamn TJ. The classification and treatment of heterotopic ossification about the elbow and forearm. Hand Clinics. 1994;10(3):417-37. 10.Ellerin BE, Helfet D, Parikh S, Hotchkiss RN, Levin N, Nisce L, et al. Current therapy in the management of heterotopic ossification of the elbow: a review with case studies. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;78(3):259-71. 11.Serotec A. Mesenchymal Stem Cell 2015 [cited 2015 16 February]. Available from: http://www.abdserotec.com/mesencyhmal-stem-cell-antibodies.html. 12.McAuliffe JA, Wolfson AH. Early excision of heterotopic ossification about the elbow followed by radiation therapy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79(5):749-55. 13.Viola RW, Hastings H, 2nd. Treatment of ectopic ossification about the elbow. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000(370):65-86. 14.Ayers DC, Pellegrini VD, Jr., Evarts CM. Prevention of heterotopic ossification in high-risk patients by radiation therapy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1991(263):87-93. 15.Brady LW. Radiation-induced sarcomas of bone. Skeletal Radiol. 1979;4(2):72-8. 16.Kim JH, Chu FC, Woodard HQ, Melamed MR, Huvos A, Cantin J. Radiation-induced soft-tissue and bone sarcoma. Radiology. 1978;129(2):501-8. 17.Heyd R, Strassmann G, Schopohl B, Zamboglou N. Radiation therapy for the prevention of heterotopic ossification at the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83(3):332-4. 18.Poggi MM, Thomas BE, Johnstone PA. Excision and radiotherapy for heterotopic ossification of the elbow. Orthopedics. 1999;22(11):1059-61. 19.Wallace JL. Prostaglandins, NSAIDs, and gastric mucosal protection: why doesnt the stomach digest itself? Physiol Rev. 2008;88(4):1547-65. 20.Robson L. Bone formation from Mesenchymal stem cells. 2015. 1

David Selznick And Since You Went Away :: essays research papers fc

David Selznick and Since You Went Away "I have a different concept of producing than other producers. Some producers are money men, and others are just lieutenants. For me to produce is to make a picture. As a producer, I can maintain an editorial perspective that I wouldn't have as a director. I consider myself first a creative producer, then a showman and then a businessman. You need all three things to succeed in the business today." -David O. Selznick The film Since You Went Away was released in 1944. This epic film attempted to relate to the American audience that was dealing with the war foreclosing and the flux of soldiers coming home at the time. The Hollywood studios were constantly trying to do their part for the war buy making films about the war in a fairy tale "Hollywood" style. Since You Went Away crossed these boundaries, and the movie audience at the time, positively responded for this reason. The producer and screenwriter of the film knew America craved this portrayal. Critics of the film from this period, applauded it's "realism", but in hindsight studies of the film in the seventies and eighties were a little more critical of the film. David O. Selznick was the man behind the vision of this film and Selznick is best known for film classic's like; Gone With the Wind, (from which the formula of this movie draws heavily from) Rebecca, and King Kong. This film was a special project for Selznick at the time, and it was seen as his contribution to the war effort. The academy awards recognized Selznick's effort and nominated his film for best picture of 1944. David Selznick was known as a one of the great creative producers- along side Walt Disney. A creative producer is usually "a powerful mogul who supervises the production of a film in such exacting detail that he was virtually its artistic creator." (Eyman p. 121) In this period, Selznick's style was remembered best by his epic length movies in which he paid special attention to detail. His films catered to the female market but also had potential to cross over to the male segment. Selznick was "increasingly becoming aware of the commercial value of his name." (Fenster p.36) He decided to repeat the formula that worked well in Gone With the Wind and made a decision to purchase a war novel/diary from Margaret Wilder. Since You Went Away spawned from Wilder's novel, after Selznick spent many hours on developing the screenplay and hiring the right cast. The war film was a popular genre to produce during the war

D’Leon Inc. Case Study Essay

D’Leon Incorporated is a small food producer that specializes in high-quality pecan and other nut products sold in the snack-foods market. In 2004, D’Leon’s president, Al Watkins, decided to undertake a major expansion to become more competitive within their market. The following report describes some of the financial effects that this expansion has had on the company. D’Leon began its expansion by doubling its plant capacity, opening new sales offices, and investing in an expensive advertising campaign. Watkins felt that they had superior products to the competition and that he could charge a premium price for their products to result in increased sales, profits, and stock price. The results, however, were unsatisfactory. Sales were below and costs were above all initial projections. These results have raised questions about the expansion and also caused concern among the Board of Directors and the major shareholders about the future of the company. Part I of this report analyzes D’Leon’s financial statements from 2004 and 2005. It describes some of the effects of the expansion on the financials of the company and some of the problems that have arisen with their current financial position. Net operating profit decreased, but operating working capital and total operating capital have shown increases. Sales had a considerable increase, but net income decreased. D’Leon’s financials also indicated a decrease in cash flow due to the company spending more cash than they were taking in. These changes are subsequently resulting in decreased stock prices and a deteriorating financial position which is concerning both management and shareholders. Part II of this report discusses the ratio analysis of D’Leon’s financial statements. It begins by explaining the five major categories of financial ratios: Liquidity, Asset Management, Debt Management, Profitability, and Market Value. While most of the 2005 ratios have shown significant declines and are below industry averages, the 2006 projections look promising for the company and are showing significant increases. Part II continues with a discussion of some of the limitations of financial ratios as comparison tools and concludes with a brief discussion of D’Leon’s credit issues and a  summary of the company’s 2006 projections. It is recommended that D’Leon Inc. conduct in-depth financial research and perform an extensive ratio analysis of their financial position before deciding to undergo any further expansions. Doing this could greatly help the managers in their decision-making and aide in determining the effects of any future expansions on the financial stability of the company. Sales In addition to expanding the company, D’Leon’s president, Al Watkins, felt that the company’s products were of a higher quality than the competitions and that he could charge a premium price, resulting in greatly increased sales and profits. Following the expansion, D’Leon did see a sales increase of $2,602,000 , a 75.8% increase over the previous year. Even though the company did experience a sales increase, liabilities such as accounts and notes payable increased, resulting in decreased profits. Net Operating Profit after Taxes Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT) is a company’s after-tax operating profit for all investors, including shareholders and debt holders. NOPAT represents the company’s operating profit that would accrue to shareholders if the company had no debt. Unfortunately, due the increased debt and liabilities associated with the expansion, D’Leon’s NOPAT experienced a significant decrease of 168.8% from $114,257 to -$78,569. Net Operating Working Capita lNet Operating Working Capital (NOWC) is a financial metric representing the amount of day-by-day operating liquidity available to a business. NOWC is calculated by subtracting a company’s non-interest bearing current liabilities from their current assets. An increase in working capital indicates that the business has either increased current assets by receiving cash or other current assets, or has decreased current liabilities, by possibly paying off some short-term creditors. As a result of D’Leon’s increased sales from the expansion, the company has experienced an increase in NOWC from $842,400 to $913,042. This is an increase of about 8.4%. This increase is good because it’s a positive indicator that the firm is able to continue its operations and that it has sufficient cash flow to satisfy both maturing short-term debt and upcoming operational expenses. Total Operating Capital Total Operating Capital is simply the addition of a company’s net fixed assets to the NOWC. D’Leon’s expansion generated a significant increase in the company’s net fixed assets of almost three times the previous years. This figure added to the NOWC generated a 56.1% increase in total operating capital from $1,187,200 to $1,852,832. Net Income Net income, or profit, is the income that a firm has after subtracting costs and expenses from the total revenue. It can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as retained earnings. Once again, however, due to the significant increase in costs and expenses such as notes and accounts payable, D’Leon had a negative net income in 2005. They experienced a decrease of 282.1% from $87,960 to  -$160,176. Cash Flows Cash flow refers to the amount of cash being received and paid by a business during a defined period of time. The measurement of cash flow can be used to determine and evaluate such things as problems with liquidity and the state or performance of a business. It can also be used to generate project rate-of-returns and to examine income or growth of a business when it is believed that accrual accounting concepts do not represent economic realities. In this report, cash flows will be categorized into three components: net cash flow, operating cash flow, and free cash flow. †¢Net cash flow (NCF), the measure of a company’s financial health, equals the cash receipts minus cash payments over a given period of time. It can be considered money that is available for expansion, research and development, or retained as cash reserves. From 2004 to 2005, D’Leon’s net cash flow decreased dramatically by 140.4%. This decrease in funds needed for the expansion is causing great concern with the major shareholders of the company over the future of D’Leon Inc. †¢Operating cash flow (OCF) is the cash flow from operating activities. It refers to the amount of cash a company generates from the revenues it brings in minus the costs associated with long-term investment on capital items or investment in securities. The company experienced a 71.2% decrease in OCF from the previous year. †¢Free cash flow (FCF) is the cash flow actually available for payment to investors. The value of a company’s operations depends on its expected future free cash flows. This is another cause for concern for D’Leon’s major shareholders because, following the expansion, the FCF decreased dramatically to -$744,201. Market Value AddedMarket Value Added (MVA) is the difference between the current market value of a firm and the capital contributed by investors. If MVA is positive, the firm has added value. If it is negative, the firm has destroyed value. The expansion of D’Leon has decreased their MVA. This can  be seen in that the stock price has decreased over the past year by about 73.5%. In order for MVA to increase, the amount of value added needs to be greater than the firm’s investors could have achieved investing in the market portfolio. SECTION 2: Working CapitalA good indicator of a company’s health is its working capital. The working capital represents the amount of operating liquidity that is available to a business and is calculated as current assets minus current liabilities. A company can be endowed with assets and profitability, but short of liquidity, if these assets cannot readily be converted into cash. Section 2 of this report focuses on the three components of current assets: sales, receivables, and purchases. SalesThe objective of any business is to create or increase profits through sales. One way that D’Leon might increase sales would be to offer 60-day credit terms to their customers rather than the 30-day credit terms that they currently offer. If sales were to double as a result of the change in their credit policy, the cash account would initially decrease because they would have to build up their inventory to support the increased sales. This would result in an increase in accounts receivable. Over time, D’Leon’s cash account would eventually begin to rise as collections increased. One downfall to this option, however, would be if the competitors learned of the change and began to offer similar credit terms to their customers. If this were to happen, D’Leon’s sales would remain constant, resulting in its cash account decreasing and its accounts receivable increasing. ReceivablesDay-to-day business at D’Leon, just as in any other business, consists of them spending money. They spend money for labor, materials, and fixed assets needed to make products to sell. The sale of these products result in receivables, which are simply the billing of customers who owe money to the company for the goods that have been provided. The receivables eventually generate cash as the outstanding bills are paid by the customers. Because of this process, D’Leon’s cash account has decreased dramatically due to the company spending more cash than it is taking in. Because of this, it appears that the sales price does not exceed its costs per unit sold.  This has a negative effect on the cash balance because, as stated above, more cash is going out than is coming in. PurchasesD’Leon purchases its materials on 30-day terms, meaning that it is supposed to pay for its purchases within 30 days of receipt. Judging by D’Leon’s 2005 balance sheet , its suppliers probably do not get paid on time. This conclusion can be made from the fact that sales have only increased by about 76% over the past year while accounts payable have increased by about 260%. SECTION 3: Problems AnalysisAdditional questions and problems have raised concern among the board members and the major shareholders of D’Leon Incorporated. Section 3 of this report focuses on these issues as well as options that the company might pursue to ensure a healthy financial future. Cash ProblemsThe expansion at D’Leon weakened their financial strength. Because the company issued long-term debt rather than common stock for the funding, it appears that it has financed its expansion with external capital rather than with internally generated funds. Due to the significant increase in receivables, even if it had broke even in 2005, D’Leon would still experience a cash shortage requiring it to raise external capital to finance its increase in assets. Regarding the company’s physical stock, the question has been raised to depreciate them over 7 years rather than 10 years. Unfortunately, this change would not affect the physical stock. The balance sheet account for fixed assets, however, would decrease due to the increasing accumulated depreciation. The company’s reported net income would decrease and the decrease in tax payments would result in an increased cash position. Stock IssuesEarnings per share (EPS) are the earnings returned on the initial investment amount. It is calculated by dividing net income by shares outstanding. Dividends per share are calculated by dividing dividends by shares outstanding. Book value per share is calculated by common equity divided by shares outstanding. The market price per share of a stock does not equal the book value per share because the market value reflects future  profits, while the book value per share represents historical cost of the stock. Tax IssuesFor businesses, interest paid is tax deductible. This is because it is considered an expense and is paid out of pre-tax income. Dividends paid, however, are paid out of after-tax income. Interested earned is subject to income taxes because it is part of the company’s taxable income. Dividends received are also taxed as part of the ordinary income. For corporations, Capital gains are taxed as ordinary income. D’Leon was able to use Tax Loss Carry-Back and Carry-Forward Provisions to receive a tax refund because of its net loss of -$160,178 in 2005. PART II:Financial StatementAnalysisSECTION 1: Ratio AnalysisThe primary goal of any business is to maximize its value. In order to do this, it must take advantage of its strengths and correct its weaknesses. Businesses do this by first comparing their performance to other businesses in the same industry and secondly by evaluating trends in their financial position over time. This evaluation is done through ratio analysis . Ratio Analysis is simply a tool used by individuals to conduct a quantitative analysis of information in a company’s financial statements. These ratios are calculated from current year numbers and are then compared to previous years, other companies, the industry, or even the economy to judge the performance of the company. These calculations provide assistance in decision-making, reduce reliance on guesswork and intuition, and establish a basis for sound judgment. The following section discusses the five major categories of financial ratios. LiquidityLiquidity refers to an asset’s ability to be easily converted through the act of buying or selling. A liquid asset can be bought or sold rapidly without causing a significant movement in the price and with minimum loss of value. Liquidity ratios are calculations that show the relationship of a company’s cash and other current assets to its current liabilities. These ratios include the current ratio and the quick ratio. By looking at D’Leon Inc.’s quick ratio for 2004 and 2005, it is clear that their liquidity has decreased, but it is projected to increase in 2006. Asset ManagementAsset management ratios are another group of financial calculations that measure how effectively a company is managing its assets. These ratios attempt to answer the question â€Å"Does the amount each type of asset seem reasonable, too high, or too low in view of current and projected sales?† If a business has too many assets, its cost of capital will be too high and its profits will be depressed. If assets are too low, however, profitable sales will be lost. Asset management ratios include inventory turnover, days sales outstanding (DSO), fixed assets turnover, and total assets turnover. D’Leon’s inventory turnover and total assets turnover are below the industry average, but their DSO is above the industry average. Their fixed assts turnover, however, is above the industry average. By the inventory turnover ratio being low, it appears that the firm either has excessive or obsolete inventory. If inventory were reduced, their current asset and turnover ratios would improve and the debt ratio would reduce even further, increasing D’Leon’s profitability. If D’Leon were to improve its collection procedures and lower its DSO to the 32-day average, the effects would ripple through the financial statements and free up over $250,000 in cash that would, in turn, raise their stock price. Debt ManagementDebt management is also referred to as financial leverage. Financial leverage is the using of given resources in such a way that the potential positive or negative outcome is magnified. It most generally refers to using debt, or borrowed funds, in an attempt to increase the returns to equity. Financial leverage can allow greater potential returns to the investor than would have otherwise been available. The potential for loss is also greater, however, because repayment of the loan principle and all accrued interest is still required if the investment becomes worthless. Debt management ratios include times-interest-earned (TIE) and EBITDA coverage. D’Leon’s expected TIE for 2006 is much improve over its 2004 and 2005 levels and is above the industry average. Their EBITDA has also improved, but is still below the industry average. ProfitabilityProfitability ratios reflect the combined effects of liquidity, asset management, and debt. It measures a company’s use of its assets and  control of its expenses to generate an acceptable rate of return. For most of these ratios, having a higher value relative to a competitor’s ratio or the same ratio from a previous period is indicative that the company is doing well. Profitability ratios include profit margin on sales, return on total assets (ROA), basic earning power, (BEP), and return on common equity, (ROE). D’Leon’s profit margin is above 2004 and 2005 levels and is slightly above the industry average. Their BEP, ROA, and ROE ratios have also increased from the previous year, but are all still below the industry average. Market ValueMarket Value Ratios are the calculations that relate a company’s stock price to its earnings, cash flow, and book value per share. These ratios give management an indication of what investors think of the company’s risk and future prospects. If all of the previously discussed ratios look good, and if these conditions have been stable over time, then the market value ratios will be high, the stock price will probably be high, and management has been doing a good job. Market value ratios include price/earnings (P/E), price/cash flow, and market/book (M/B) ratios. All of these ratios at D’Leon Inc. are above the previous years level, but are all below the industry average. SECTION 2: Financial Ratio LimitationsWhen evaluating a company, analysts recognize that they must consider certain qualitative factors . These factors are:†¢Are the company’s revenues tied to one key customer?†¢To what extent are the company’s revenues tied to one key product?†¢To what extent does the company rely on a single supplier?†¢What percentage of the company’s business is generated overseas?†¢Competition†¢Future prospects†¢Legal and regulatory environmentWhile these factors must be considered for all company’s alike, not all company’s can be compared equally when it comes to their financials. There are a number of limitations to using financial ratios as a tool for comparison. One such limitation is that company’s use different operating and accounting practices and procedures. This could cause distortion in comparisons. Another possible cause of distortion between ratio comparisons is seasonal factors. Industry average comparisons can be made difficult if company’s operate many different divisions. Another  major issue is that a company may not always know whether the ratios that they are comparing theirs with are good or bad because some company’s use certain techniques to make their financial statements and ratios appear better than they actual are. SECTION 3: Problems and DiscussionCredit IssuesIn 2005, D’Leon paid its suppliers much later than the due date, and it was not maintaining financial ratios at levels called for in its bank loan agreement. There was concern that this behavior would lead to the suppliers cutting the company off and refusing to renew the loan when it comes due. Even though the company’s projected ratios appear to be improving, the credit manager will most likely not be able to extend credit to it. However, the bank will mostly likely not demand repayment because this could for D’Leon into bankruptcy. Financial ProjectionsUsing the extended Du Pont equation, we find that D’Leon has an ROE of nearly 13%. Looking at the 2006 projections in Appendix F on page 16, we see that the company’s strengths include above industry average fixed assets turnover and profit margin. D’Leon also significantly reduced it debt ratio, resulting in a decreased interest expense and improved TIE ratio. Some of the company’s weaknesses include poor asset management ratios, EBITDA coverage, profitability ratios, and market value ratios. I would have recommended that the company perform an extensive ratio analysis of its current financial position before taking on any expansion plans. This could have immensely helped managers to determine the effects of the expansion on the financial stability of the company. Brigham, Eugene F., and Joel F. Houston. Fundamentals of Financial Management. â€Å"D’Leon Inc., Chapter 4 spreadsheet module†. Made available on July 1, 2008 by Dr. Richard Constand. Brigham, Eugene F., and Joel F. Houston. Fundamentals of Financial Management. Thomson: South-Western Publishers, Eleventh Ed. 2007.