Battle For Gun Control Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Battle For Gun Control Essay, Research Paper The Battle for Gun Control Jason Reifschneider March 8, 1999 The Battle for Gun Control The United States of America has the highest rate of gun-related deceases of any states in the universe, and yet has some of the most broad policies of gun control. Very few Torahs exist that limit the sale, or trade of guns. Controversy surrounds this issue, with both sides touting statistics and studies to back up their instance. However, the issue of gun-control ordinances has non been resolved. Gun-control Torahs have regulated gun purchasing power, and yet has non provided clear cogent evidence of any sort of offense decrease. Americans have the right to bear weaponries as the Second Amendment provinces. This is a right, an undeniable privilege. When the fundamental law was created it was a symbolic gesture. The amendments created were to be the foundations of a great society they were the desires, and wants of this new state. We will write a custom essay sample on Battle For Gun Control Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Second Amendment was one of these desires. It states that all Americans have the right to bear weaponries, a right to have guns. It says nil about how this right should be hindered by control Torahs. A group that declares itself a guardian of this amendment is the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) . The NRA drapes itself with the Second Amendment, utilizing it as a cover-all for their beliefs. The NRA is America # 8217 ; s biggest opposition of gun control. Their slogan: Guns don # 8217 ; t kill people, people kill people. They oppose gun control on the footing that it restricts a Constitutional right that every American demand protected. Guns are legal, easy to purchase and fundamentally rather inexpensive. They can be bought anyplace. From the vicinity Wal-Mart to the secondary black-market. Americans love their guns. We have obsession with guns. 71 % of Americans own a gun. ( National Safety Council, 1995 ) Guns are a symbol of strength, maleness an undeniable power. But, does our love and popularity of guns have an affect on gun related offense and deceases? Pro-gun advocators would hold us believe non. The National Center for Policy Analysis claims this is the figure one myth that gun-control protagonists spew. They point to Switzerland as illustrations of states with high gun ownership and low offense rates. Switzerland ahs the highest sum of gun ownership in the universe, and yet has one of the lowest slaying rates in the universe. Switzerland relays on this high rate of gun ownership, since there is no active military all males 20-50 old ages old are required by jurisprudence to transport a military -issued au tomatic arm. However, this fact does little to back up the pro gun argument, since many other states such as Britain and Japan besides have low gun related deceases, but besides have low gun ownership rates. Whenever a fatal gun accident takes topographic point, peculiarly when a kid is involved if frequently makes province or national intelligence, such as the cause with the Jonesboro shots of spring of 1998. The onslaught and slaying of kids indignation America, doing a rage of gun-control advocators demanding stricter Torahs and punishments to protect kids from gun force. The NRA late lobbied for a licking in statute law ( brought before the senate as an reply to school land shots ) that would # 8217 ; ve made trigger locks compulsory. Although the Senate finally turned down the measure, may believe it would be the unequivocal gun jurisprudence to protect kids. Unfortunately, others saw otherwise. Mrs. Tanya Mates, executive manager NRA Institute for Legislative Action was quoted as stating # 8220 ; It was a great a twenty-four hours for gun safety in America, thanks to the U.S Senate. # 8221 ; ( Policy.com: Issue Library Gun Violence and Children ) This jurisprudence could hold pr otected kids but at what monetary value? When kids are violent, will gun Torahs forestall them killing? Americans will hold peace of head, but the power of the Second Amendment will be diluted. Unfortunately, Americans can non happen a common land. How can Americans protect both the rights of gun proprietors, and possible victims of gun force? Unfortunately, it takes decease or a great hurt for Torahs to be established, and so be brought up for statute law. The Brady Bill, passed February 28, 1994 established a jurisprudence that required that person might purchase all accredited pieces purchases subject on instant felon background cheque before the gun. This measure established by Jim Brady as a preventative step that would curtail felons from buying a gun. Jim Brady was shot while protecting the president Ronald Regan in 1980 by a adult male with a past felon record. Advocates of gun control claim this jurisprudence has decreased gun-related offense in America. While offense has decreased by 7 % in ten old ages, it has non been proven that this jurisprudence is the cause. And yet, force in teens and kids has accelerated. Why the recent force? Many point to our inexorable environment. Television, films and videogames as chief perpetrators for engendering these violent ideas in Americas kids. However, the facts remain: a k id can play guns, and still non harbour deathly purposes. The cause is far greater than that. The cause is accessibility. Guns are alluring, and easy for kids to acquire a clasp of. 88 % of childr nuts are injured or killed in hiting are shot in their places of relations and friends ( Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms: National Safety Council ) Gun control Torahs were created as a means non merely to protect Americans, but besides as agencies of offense decrease. The theory being that with fewer guns on the street, the less guns used for condemnable intents. Registering guns is non a preventative step. It has non proven to forestall gun offense. There are merely excessively many guns to command. Guns are easy assessable. Guns are a big portion of the American civilization. Americans have an international image, that we are violent, gun-toting cowpuncher. An image that is non needfully untrue. Guns are everyplace. Children conveying them to school so frequently that most interior metropolis public schools house metal sensors at their doors. How do Americans compensate our right to have guns, and our desire to protect others from their force? Guns are a necessary in all states, with Americans the 2nd merely to the most sum of amassed guns. Guns we claim are a protectant, and those gun control Torahs help Americans. And yet, n o clear facts have proven that gun Torahs have decreased offense. They neither aid, nor promote gun ownership. Are gun-control Torahs the reply? Possibly, this is non an reply easy given. Countless studies and statistics support both sides to this argument whether or non they are powerful in forestalling offense. Registering guns and gun control is non a new thought. Many states have adopted similar Torahs. A celebrated quotation mark that neither supports nor debunks gun control is one by Adolph Hitler. # 8220 ; This twelvemonth ( 1935 ) will travel on in history! For the first clip, a civilised state has full gun enrollment! Our streets will be safer, our constabularies more efficient and the universe will follow our lead into the hereafter! # 8221 ; And the universe has. In fact, Australia has some of the strictest gun-control Torahs established because of Americas instead broad gun-control Torahs. In a state such as Australia, on that prides itself as outback, wild and renegade, they late tightened already rigorous gun policies. Australian Prime Minister Jon Howard said that his # 8220 ; most effectual # 8221 ; line is accumulating support for an assault arms has been America. # 8220 ; I don # 8217 ; t want Australia to travel down the American way. There is a widespread position, which I believe is rather accurate, that the high homicide rates in the U.S. is in past due to the slack gun laws. # 8221 ; ( Los Angeles Times: July 30th, 1998 ) Americans gun Torahs are so slack due to wholly to the Second Amendment. This is a powerful Constitutional right. One that is defended by every bit powerful resistance. Most states have adopted similar Torahs as Australia. America is paralleled to every other state as a premonition to those states. And yet, America has about the same offense rates as Britain, Australia, and France. ( Time: May 14, 1998 ) Why are gun control Torahs so popular in most states? For many grounds, citizens without guns are people without power. They are people without the control to garner a reserves, or oppose any authorities. With constabulary and felons being the merely to 1s to ain guns, mean citizens need non worry. However, Americans still have the right to have a gun. Unlike other first universe states, we are virtually unrestricted in our gun purchasing powers. While we no longer necessitate guns to protect us on an mundane footing, they # 8217 ; rhenium still a convenience. One that many take adv antage of. Gun control Torahs may non hold proved to diminish offense, but they have regulated American gun power. Gun control Torahs are controversial for many grounds they restrict a constitutional right, doing the NRA and others to protest and buttonhole against their blessing. Nevertheless, gun control Torahs continue. New measures are created every twenty-four hours. In fact, since May of 1998, President Clinton has made gun safety a major aim and has proposed the Nationwide Child Access Prevention Laws. Laws that would do grownups responsible for any actions taken by kids with guns. If parents have neglected to procure their pieces, and let easy entree to a gun they would be reprehensively charged with their kid # 8217 ; s # 8217 ; offense. Gun control is really popular among politicians. Many believe it is the end-all to offense, and slaying. However, Americans can non avoid more gun ordinances. As America develops our demand for guns will cut down, and more limitations will take topographic point. Which is why gun control Torahs are so controversial. Americans feel protected by the huge wing of Amendment 2 of the Constitution. But, gun control Torahs hone in on the power that that amendment has. Gun control Torahs are merely that. Control Torahs. They control what sorts of guns we buy, how we buy them, and who gets to have them. However, more Torahs will boom. It is inevitable. Americans demand gun control Torahs, at the same clip they admonish them. Guns and Public Health: Epidemic of Violence or Pandemic of Propaganda? James D Wright and Peter Rossi: 1994 Policy.com: Gun Control in America: updated July 30, 1998 Time Sylvestor Monroe: # 8221 ; Guns in America # 8221 ; , May 1998 Armed and Considered Dangerous: A Survey of Felons and Firearms: Daniel Kates, 1986

Review of Molieres The Imaginary Invalid

Review of Molieres The Imaginary Invalid Moliere's 'The Imaginary Invalid' is a farcical play about a hypochondriac who is so obsessed with his health and money that he ends up neglecting his family. The story involves several different themes and plots within one family. A new interpretation of this 17th century play is now being performed at the Arts Club Theater; it incorporates some new changes and modernizations in addition to the traditional improvisation. Morris Panych has definitely succeeded in delivering a new, more comical version of Moliere's final play.Moreover, the dominant theme of this play is body versus mind. The play is about a wealthy, but stingy man who believes that he is constantly sick (Argan). However, there is an obvious doubt to whether he is really sick or if he is just imagining his illness. Therefore, the primary theme is Argan's internal struggle of body vs. mind. This theme is developed throughout the play into smaller themes such as masculinity versus femininity, greed versus love, and death versus life.English: Pura D'or Argan Oil Product: Pure this definitely confuses the original play by Moliere. One of the original purposes of the play was to...

You Are The Judge Papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You Are The Judge Papers - Essay Example A counter-argument from Zoom would be that it was Corrigan who had manufactured the compass, which was faulty and so Daniel should bring an action against them. It is evident on the facts that the compass was faulty and so it wouldn’t be a cause of installation by Zoom. The argument is more than likely to succeed and would therefore leave the forum of Daniel bringing an action against Corrigan under privity of contract, the law of which will now be discussed. Daniel can argue that since this was a contract whereby he acquired the subject matter that is the compass along with the car, he can enforce the contract against Corrigan (Linden Gardens Trust v Lenesta Sludge). Clearly Daniel does not have any direct remedy against Corrigan and so would be able to bring an action against them. Furthermore, another option that would be available for Daniel would be an order by court requiring the rectification and performance of fault and accepting such breach (Snelling v. John G Snelling). Corrigan can argue that they had a contract with Zoom and they are accountable to them and so Zoom and not Daniel should bring an action for breach of contract forward. This is a strong argument, which has to be rebutted by the principles of privity of contract, which have been discussed above and so would allow a claim by Daniel against Corrigan. Another argument that can be stated by Corrigan would be of faulty installation by Zoom. However, it is evident from the fact that the compass itself was faulty and thus such an argument is likely to fail. Finally the problem that can arise is that of foreseeability. Corrigan would state that medical costs should not be allowed because of the fact that even though the compass was faulty it was clearly not foreseeable that such an act would lead to injury. This argument is more than likely to succeed as the situations that have led to the injury and medical costs were more than unlikely and therefore Daniel

Tort Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tort Law - Assignment Example It is also likely that the question of transferred malice might arise in Stella’s case since the assault was initially aimed at the doctor and inadvertently struck Stella. The issue of consent also arises as it appears the Mick did not consent to the doctor’s treatment and whether or not the absence of consent will render the doctor’s medical treatment a battery. Each of these issues are discussed in detail below. Assault arises out of conduct that puts the victim in fear of immediate or instant harm or force to his person (Rogers 2002). In order to substantiate a claim of assault it is not necessary to prove that actual physical contact was made. Similarly, intention to cause harm is not a necessary element of the tort of assault. All that is necessary is a reasonable apprehension of harm is sufficient to substantiate the tort of trespass to the person on a claim of assault. Whether or not the victim is afraid or capable of truncating or thwarting an assault is immaterial. This is because the test is an objective test and largely depend on what a reasonable man would reasonably perceive (Stephens v Myers (1830) 4 C & P 349 ). In Stephens v Myers (1830) a man was asked to leave a meeting and in response he launched toward the chairman but was quickly interrupted by the warden, preventing any contact. Even so, the court found that the conduct amounted to the tort of assault and ruled that: Be that as it may, not every threatening gesture will amount to an assault. In Thomas v Num [1986] Ch 20, picketing protesters made threats of violence in circumstances where police were able to hold them back. It was held that no assault was made because in the circumstances the defendants were not in a position to carry out their threats regardless of how determined they may have seemed (Thomas v Num [1986] ). Applying the reasoning in Thomas and Stephens, it is entirely unlikely that Mick would be successful in a

European Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

European Business - Research Paper Example As a result, various important countries were trapped in a deflationary ensnare. The impact was visible almost in every sector of the global economy. One of the major causes revealed by the evidences is the inefficiency of the financial markets in controlling the liquidity ratio with over liberalised monetary policies in most of the developed countries. Notably, the impact was strongest in terms of international trade and investment (UNCTAD, 2009). Considering the fact, this report will emphasise on the current global economic situation. The impact of the current trends will be further analysed with the example of a multinational company, Nissan in terms of international trade and investment. ... The financial measures undertaken by the governments of developed countries have significantly contributed to the financial stability of the world economy. However, the structural limitations faced by these economies are likely to cause risks in relation to the debt, real estate and credit markets along with other factors which in turn can affect the overall economic stability. Lower GDP growth rate, widening fiscal deficit, political conflict, and other similar issues can be observed as the most effective trends in the current economic situation concerning the developed countries (UNCTAD, 2010). Surprisingly, the developing countries were recorded to be least effected by the recent economic downturn, gaining an extra advantage of sovereignty in the world economy. Comparatively well-structured fiscal policies and a strong growth of GDP have evidently signified the developing countries as the major drivers of economic upturn in the current scenario. Contradicting to the developed econ omies, the growth trends of the developing nations signify ample opportunities for international trade and investment. However, the economies can be witnessed to possess few limitations in terms of their dependency on the developed countries. Moreover, the developing economies are also recorded to face the challenges in terms of structural issues which depict a moderate growth prospect on the future context (Department for Business Innovation & Skills, 2011). These trends can also be witnessed in the context of EU economies. Notably, the member states of EU comprises of both developed as well as developing economies. This depicts that the European market is likely to face the risks of weak and moderate growth along with various challenges in terms of fiscal

Biceps Tendon Rupture With Post-operative Complications

Biceps Tendon Rupture With Post-operative Complications Locomotor PBL Experiment Writeup Introduction In this PBL, we observe a case of biceps tendon rupture with post-operative complication of heterotopic ossification. We will first go through the anatomy of the upper limb followed by a discussion of the ruptured biceps tendon, heterotopic ossification and finally mode of action of indomethacin. Learning Objectives 1. Osteology of the upper limb with emphasis on the elbow and wrist 2. The neurovascular supply to the upper limb 3. Movements possible at joints of upper limb and the range of movements possible with regards to the elbow and wrist and the muscles that bring about these actions. 4. Rupture of distal biceps tendon 5. Heterotopic ossification 6. Mode of action of Indomethacin 1. Osteology of the upper limb with emphasis on the elbow and wrist Arm The humerus is the largest and longest bone of the arm region connecting the shoulder to the forearm. Proximally, the head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula forming the glenohumeral joint. Distally the humerus articulates with the two bones of the forearm, the ulna and radius. The humerus is shown in more detail in figure 1 below. Figure 1 Humerus (1) For Anil’s case we will focus several prominent features on the distal region of the humerus which forms part of the elbow. There are two projections on either side of the distal end of the humerus which are the medial and lateral epicondyle. The medial epicondyle protects the ulnar nerve which passes just posteriorly and also serves as the attachment site for the forearm superficial flexor muscles. The lateral epicondyle conversely is the attachment site for the forearm extensor muscles. Anteriorly in between these two epicondyles are two articular surfaces: the round surfaced lateral capitulum which articulates with the radius and the spool shaped medial trochlea which articulates with the ulna. Also anteriorly, the radial fossa directly above the capitulum accommodates the head of the radius during flexion of the elbow whereas the coronoid fossa directly above the trochlea accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion of the elbow. Both the radial and coronoi d fossa limit flexion of the elbow. Posteriorly, the olecranon fossa accommodates the olecranon process of the ulna during extension of the elbow. The olecranon fossa prevents hyperextension of the elbow. Forearm The forearm is made up of two bones: ulna and radius. Proximally both of these bones articulate with the humerus whereas distally only the radius directly articulates with the carpals of the wrist thus connecting the arm to the wrist. The ulna and radius are shown in figure 2 below. Figure 2 Radius and Ulna (1) The ulna The ulna is the stabilizing bone of the forearm and is medial and longer of the two bones. There is a projection anteriorly at the proximal end called the coronoid process which fits into the coronoid fossa during elbow extension. Posteriorly on the proximal end of the ulna is the olecranon process (which forms the prominence of the elbow) which fits into the olecranon fossa during elbow extension. The articular surface between the olecranon and the coronoid articulates with the trochlear of the humerus and gives the movements of elbow extension and flexion. The radius The radius is the lateral and shorter of the two bones. The head of the radius is a flat button shaped process that articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. The neck of the radius is a constriction just distal to the head which Anil has fractured. Due to the fact that no neurovascular problems were found, it is safe to conclude that the deep branch of the radial nerve was not damaged in this case. The radial tuberosity is distal to the neck on the anterior site which is the attachment point for the tendon of biceps. Wrist The ulna does not directly articulate with the carpal bones of the wrist distally. There is an articular disc between the smaller distal head of the ulna and the carpal bones. The radius directly articulates with the scaphoid and lunate carpal bones on its larger distal end. This is shown in figure 3 below. Figure 3 Wrist joint (1) 2 The neurovascular supply of the upper limb Arterial supply The upper limb is supplied by the subclavian artery which branches off from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right and aortic arch on the left. The subclavian artery extends from its origin to the lateral border of the first rib. It then changes its name to the axillary artery which extends to the lateral border of teres major after which it becomes the brachial artery. The brachial artery extends to the cubital fossa of the elbow where it bifurcates into the radial and ulnar artery which run down the lateral and medial side of the forearm respectively. These two arteries anastomose in the palm of the hand forming the superficial (mainly supplied by ulnar artery) and deep (mainly supplied by radial artery) palmar arches. The fingers are supplied by the digital arteries branching from the palmar arches. The arterial supply is illustrated in figure 4 below. Figure 4 Arterial supply of upper limb (2) Venous supply There are two main types of veins in the upper limb. Firstly, superficial veins which can be seen subcutaneously. There are three main superficial veins which are the cephalic (laterally), basilic (medially) and median cubital (connection between cephalic and basilica at the cubital fossa) veins. The superficial veins are shown in figure 5 below. Figure 5 Venous supply to upper limb (3) Secondly, there are deep veins which usually accompanies the arteries in pairs and have the same name as the arteries. Perforating veins connect the superficial and deep veins to allow blood to always find a way back to the heart. All the veins eventually drains into the axillary vein, then to the subclavian vein, then brachiocephalic vein and finally into the heart via superior vena cava. Nervous supply The brachial plexus serves as the nerve supply for the upper limb arising from spinal nerve roots from C5, 6, 7, 8 and T1. There are 5 terminal branches of the brachial plexus in the arm. Table 1 below shows the five terminal nerves with their corresponding roots, motor supply, sensory supply and clinical test. Table 1 Nerves, corresponding roots, motor supply, sensory supply and clinical test (4) 3 Movements possible at joints of upper limb and the range of movements possible with regards to the elbow and wrist and the muscles that bring about these actions. The elbow consists of three joints: the humeroulnar joint from the trochlear notch of the ulnar to trochlear of humerus, the humeroradial joint from the head of the radius to the capitulum of humerus and the superior radioulnar joint from the head of the radius to the radial notch of the ulna. The humeroulnar and humeroradial joints allow for flexion and extension of the elbow whereas the superior radioulnar joint allows for pronation and supination. This happens when the head of the radius which is enclosed in annular ligament crosses over the fixed ulna bone. The muscles that move the elbow are shown in table 2 below: Table 2 Main muscles of elbow (5) Movements and ranges for the elbow and wrist are shown in table 3 below: Table 3 Movements and ranges for elbow and wrist (6) 4 Rupture of distal biceps tendon Symptoms Symptoms include swelling in the front of the elbow, severe pain at the elbow and a bulge in the upper arm because of the shortened biceps brachii muscle. Since Anil shows no biceps tendon reflex upon assessment, this is likely to be a complete rupture of the tendon. Cause In this case, Anil is diagnosed to have ruptured his distal biceps tendon which attaches to the radial tuberosity. Distal biceps tendon rupture tends to be caused by a single traumatic event involving flexion of the elbow at a right angle against resistance. For Anil, the snapping of the rope caused his elbow to straighten suddenly. His biceps contracted extra hard to prevent this from happening but the extreme tension in his biceps and tendon led to the rupture of the distal biceps tendon. Treatment Since Anil is still relatively young at 38 years old and still needs full use of his upper limb, the surgical treatment option is most preferred. Sometimes the tendon is attached by stitching through holes made in the bone. However the surgery for Anil was done by attaching the tendon to the bone using a small metal plate and screws into the radius to secure the plate usually called the endobutton technique (7, 8) which has a very good prognosis of regaining full mobility in the elbow. Complications Complications after the surgery include nerve damage and heterotopic ossification. After eight weeks Anil returned with stiffness, difficulty in turning his hand over and wrist pain which the doctor diagnosed as heterotopic ossification after palpation of a firm mass along the biceps tendon. Direct intervention was not taken as the biceps tendon needed time to fully heal. 5 Heterotopic ossification Heterotopic ossification is the growth of bone in abnormal places such as soft tissue. Heterotopic ossification is a notable complication of distal biceps tendon repair. The current proposed pathogenesis of how heterotopic ossification arises is the transformation of pluripotential mesenchymal cells which are recruited to the fracture healing site into osteoblasts that results in ectopic bone formation. (9) Bone, tendons and ligaments which are all connective tissue all share the same mesenchymal stem cell origin (shown in figure 6) and thus mesenchymal stem cells recruited to promote tendon repair can differentiate into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts can also be pulled out of the bone when the tendon ruptures and therefore can lead to bone deposition. Hence great attention has been given to cleaning and irrigating the surgical zone. (10) Figure 6 Mesenchymal stem cells differentiation (11) The heterotopic ossification at the biceps tendon led to Anil having reduced supination to just 20Â ° due to the biceps being the main supinator muscle. After twenty weeks, the heterotopic ossification was surgically removed. Radiation therapy has been an established supplement in treatment of heterotopic ossification. (10, 12, 13) The mechanism of how radiation therapy works is still unclear but is thought to inhibit pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells from differentiating. (14) However, even though radiation therapy is effective, there has been concerns about malignancy from the radiation. Low doses ( 6 Mode of action of Indomethacin Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) such as Indomethacin are also commonly used to supplement surgical excision of heterotopic ossifications. (10, 13) Indomethacin non-selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX1 and COX 2) which are involved in the production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. During the healing of a fracture, mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes which is independent of COX-2. COX-2 then produces prostaglandins which cause the chondrocytes to hypertrophy. These hypertrophic cells secrete growth factors which cause angiogenesis, osteoclast recruitment, osteogenesis and fracture bridging which leads to bone deposition shown in figure 7 below. However NSAIDs have to be carefully prescribed especially with patients who have reflux diseases as NSAIDs can lead to ulcer formation. (19) Figure 7 Formation of bone via COX-2 and prostaglandins (20) In conclusion, more research has to be done into the pathophysiology of heterotopic ossification as well as selective drugs that only inhibit COX-2 so that NSAIDs can be safely prescribed even for patients who have reflux diseases. Bibliography 1.N. Marieb E, Hoehn K. Human Anatomy and Physiology. 9th ed: Pearson Education Inc; 2013. 2.Quizlet. BIO 1600 Chapter 13 2015 [cited 2015 16 February]. Available from: http://quizlet.com/16204351/bio-1600-chapter-13-flash-cards/. 3.TeachMeAnatomy. Venous Drainage of the Upper Limb 2015 [cited 2015 16 February]. Available from: http://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/vasculature/veins/. 4.Wong You Jing J. Nerves, corresponding roots, motor supply, sensory supply and clinical test2015. 5.Wong You Jing J. Main muscles of elbow. 2015. 6.Wong You Jing J. Movements and ranges for the elbow and wrist2015. 7.Bain GI, Prem H, Heptinstall RJ, Verhellen R, Paix D. Repair of distal biceps tendon rupture: a new technique using the Endobutton. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2000;9(2):120-6. 8.Greenberg JA, Fernandez JJ, Wang T, Turner C. EndoButton-assisted repair of distal biceps tendon ruptures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2003;12(5):484-90. 9.H. Hastings II, Grahamn TJ. The classification and treatment of heterotopic ossification about the elbow and forearm. Hand Clinics. 1994;10(3):417-37. 10.Ellerin BE, Helfet D, Parikh S, Hotchkiss RN, Levin N, Nisce L, et al. Current therapy in the management of heterotopic ossification of the elbow: a review with case studies. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;78(3):259-71. 11.Serotec A. Mesenchymal Stem Cell 2015 [cited 2015 16 February]. Available from: http://www.abdserotec.com/mesencyhmal-stem-cell-antibodies.html. 12.McAuliffe JA, Wolfson AH. Early excision of heterotopic ossification about the elbow followed by radiation therapy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79(5):749-55. 13.Viola RW, Hastings H, 2nd. Treatment of ectopic ossification about the elbow. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000(370):65-86. 14.Ayers DC, Pellegrini VD, Jr., Evarts CM. Prevention of heterotopic ossification in high-risk patients by radiation therapy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1991(263):87-93. 15.Brady LW. Radiation-induced sarcomas of bone. Skeletal Radiol. 1979;4(2):72-8. 16.Kim JH, Chu FC, Woodard HQ, Melamed MR, Huvos A, Cantin J. Radiation-induced soft-tissue and bone sarcoma. Radiology. 1978;129(2):501-8. 17.Heyd R, Strassmann G, Schopohl B, Zamboglou N. Radiation therapy for the prevention of heterotopic ossification at the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83(3):332-4. 18.Poggi MM, Thomas BE, Johnstone PA. Excision and radiotherapy for heterotopic ossification of the elbow. Orthopedics. 1999;22(11):1059-61. 19.Wallace JL. Prostaglandins, NSAIDs, and gastric mucosal protection: why doesnt the stomach digest itself? Physiol Rev. 2008;88(4):1547-65. 20.Robson L. Bone formation from Mesenchymal stem cells. 2015. 1

David Selznick And Since You Went Away :: essays research papers fc

David Selznick and Since You Went Away "I have a different concept of producing than other producers. Some producers are money men, and others are just lieutenants. For me to produce is to make a picture. As a producer, I can maintain an editorial perspective that I wouldn't have as a director. I consider myself first a creative producer, then a showman and then a businessman. You need all three things to succeed in the business today." -David O. Selznick The film Since You Went Away was released in 1944. This epic film attempted to relate to the American audience that was dealing with the war foreclosing and the flux of soldiers coming home at the time. The Hollywood studios were constantly trying to do their part for the war buy making films about the war in a fairy tale "Hollywood" style. Since You Went Away crossed these boundaries, and the movie audience at the time, positively responded for this reason. The producer and screenwriter of the film knew America craved this portrayal. Critics of the film from this period, applauded it's "realism", but in hindsight studies of the film in the seventies and eighties were a little more critical of the film. David O. Selznick was the man behind the vision of this film and Selznick is best known for film classic's like; Gone With the Wind, (from which the formula of this movie draws heavily from) Rebecca, and King Kong. This film was a special project for Selznick at the time, and it was seen as his contribution to the war effort. The academy awards recognized Selznick's effort and nominated his film for best picture of 1944. David Selznick was known as a one of the great creative producers- along side Walt Disney. A creative producer is usually "a powerful mogul who supervises the production of a film in such exacting detail that he was virtually its artistic creator." (Eyman p. 121) In this period, Selznick's style was remembered best by his epic length movies in which he paid special attention to detail. His films catered to the female market but also had potential to cross over to the male segment. Selznick was "increasingly becoming aware of the commercial value of his name." (Fenster p.36) He decided to repeat the formula that worked well in Gone With the Wind and made a decision to purchase a war novel/diary from Margaret Wilder. Since You Went Away spawned from Wilder's novel, after Selznick spent many hours on developing the screenplay and hiring the right cast. The war film was a popular genre to produce during the war

D’Leon Inc. Case Study Essay

D’Leon Incorporated is a small food producer that specializes in high-quality pecan and other nut products sold in the snack-foods market. In 2004, D’Leon’s president, Al Watkins, decided to undertake a major expansion to become more competitive within their market. The following report describes some of the financial effects that this expansion has had on the company. D’Leon began its expansion by doubling its plant capacity, opening new sales offices, and investing in an expensive advertising campaign. Watkins felt that they had superior products to the competition and that he could charge a premium price for their products to result in increased sales, profits, and stock price. The results, however, were unsatisfactory. Sales were below and costs were above all initial projections. These results have raised questions about the expansion and also caused concern among the Board of Directors and the major shareholders about the future of the company. Part I of this report analyzes D’Leon’s financial statements from 2004 and 2005. It describes some of the effects of the expansion on the financials of the company and some of the problems that have arisen with their current financial position. Net operating profit decreased, but operating working capital and total operating capital have shown increases. Sales had a considerable increase, but net income decreased. D’Leon’s financials also indicated a decrease in cash flow due to the company spending more cash than they were taking in. These changes are subsequently resulting in decreased stock prices and a deteriorating financial position which is concerning both management and shareholders. Part II of this report discusses the ratio analysis of D’Leon’s financial statements. It begins by explaining the five major categories of financial ratios: Liquidity, Asset Management, Debt Management, Profitability, and Market Value. While most of the 2005 ratios have shown significant declines and are below industry averages, the 2006 projections look promising for the company and are showing significant increases. Part II continues with a discussion of some of the limitations of financial ratios as comparison tools and concludes with a brief discussion of D’Leon’s credit issues and a  summary of the company’s 2006 projections. It is recommended that D’Leon Inc. conduct in-depth financial research and perform an extensive ratio analysis of their financial position before deciding to undergo any further expansions. Doing this could greatly help the managers in their decision-making and aide in determining the effects of any future expansions on the financial stability of the company. Sales In addition to expanding the company, D’Leon’s president, Al Watkins, felt that the company’s products were of a higher quality than the competitions and that he could charge a premium price, resulting in greatly increased sales and profits. Following the expansion, D’Leon did see a sales increase of $2,602,000 , a 75.8% increase over the previous year. Even though the company did experience a sales increase, liabilities such as accounts and notes payable increased, resulting in decreased profits. Net Operating Profit after Taxes Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT) is a company’s after-tax operating profit for all investors, including shareholders and debt holders. NOPAT represents the company’s operating profit that would accrue to shareholders if the company had no debt. Unfortunately, due the increased debt and liabilities associated with the expansion, D’Leon’s NOPAT experienced a significant decrease of 168.8% from $114,257 to -$78,569. Net Operating Working Capita lNet Operating Working Capital (NOWC) is a financial metric representing the amount of day-by-day operating liquidity available to a business. NOWC is calculated by subtracting a company’s non-interest bearing current liabilities from their current assets. An increase in working capital indicates that the business has either increased current assets by receiving cash or other current assets, or has decreased current liabilities, by possibly paying off some short-term creditors. As a result of D’Leon’s increased sales from the expansion, the company has experienced an increase in NOWC from $842,400 to $913,042. This is an increase of about 8.4%. This increase is good because it’s a positive indicator that the firm is able to continue its operations and that it has sufficient cash flow to satisfy both maturing short-term debt and upcoming operational expenses. Total Operating Capital Total Operating Capital is simply the addition of a company’s net fixed assets to the NOWC. D’Leon’s expansion generated a significant increase in the company’s net fixed assets of almost three times the previous years. This figure added to the NOWC generated a 56.1% increase in total operating capital from $1,187,200 to $1,852,832. Net Income Net income, or profit, is the income that a firm has after subtracting costs and expenses from the total revenue. It can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as retained earnings. Once again, however, due to the significant increase in costs and expenses such as notes and accounts payable, D’Leon had a negative net income in 2005. They experienced a decrease of 282.1% from $87,960 to  -$160,176. Cash Flows Cash flow refers to the amount of cash being received and paid by a business during a defined period of time. The measurement of cash flow can be used to determine and evaluate such things as problems with liquidity and the state or performance of a business. It can also be used to generate project rate-of-returns and to examine income or growth of a business when it is believed that accrual accounting concepts do not represent economic realities. In this report, cash flows will be categorized into three components: net cash flow, operating cash flow, and free cash flow. †¢Net cash flow (NCF), the measure of a company’s financial health, equals the cash receipts minus cash payments over a given period of time. It can be considered money that is available for expansion, research and development, or retained as cash reserves. From 2004 to 2005, D’Leon’s net cash flow decreased dramatically by 140.4%. This decrease in funds needed for the expansion is causing great concern with the major shareholders of the company over the future of D’Leon Inc. †¢Operating cash flow (OCF) is the cash flow from operating activities. It refers to the amount of cash a company generates from the revenues it brings in minus the costs associated with long-term investment on capital items or investment in securities. The company experienced a 71.2% decrease in OCF from the previous year. †¢Free cash flow (FCF) is the cash flow actually available for payment to investors. The value of a company’s operations depends on its expected future free cash flows. This is another cause for concern for D’Leon’s major shareholders because, following the expansion, the FCF decreased dramatically to -$744,201. Market Value AddedMarket Value Added (MVA) is the difference between the current market value of a firm and the capital contributed by investors. If MVA is positive, the firm has added value. If it is negative, the firm has destroyed value. The expansion of D’Leon has decreased their MVA. This can  be seen in that the stock price has decreased over the past year by about 73.5%. In order for MVA to increase, the amount of value added needs to be greater than the firm’s investors could have achieved investing in the market portfolio. SECTION 2: Working CapitalA good indicator of a company’s health is its working capital. The working capital represents the amount of operating liquidity that is available to a business and is calculated as current assets minus current liabilities. A company can be endowed with assets and profitability, but short of liquidity, if these assets cannot readily be converted into cash. Section 2 of this report focuses on the three components of current assets: sales, receivables, and purchases. SalesThe objective of any business is to create or increase profits through sales. One way that D’Leon might increase sales would be to offer 60-day credit terms to their customers rather than the 30-day credit terms that they currently offer. If sales were to double as a result of the change in their credit policy, the cash account would initially decrease because they would have to build up their inventory to support the increased sales. This would result in an increase in accounts receivable. Over time, D’Leon’s cash account would eventually begin to rise as collections increased. One downfall to this option, however, would be if the competitors learned of the change and began to offer similar credit terms to their customers. If this were to happen, D’Leon’s sales would remain constant, resulting in its cash account decreasing and its accounts receivable increasing. ReceivablesDay-to-day business at D’Leon, just as in any other business, consists of them spending money. They spend money for labor, materials, and fixed assets needed to make products to sell. The sale of these products result in receivables, which are simply the billing of customers who owe money to the company for the goods that have been provided. The receivables eventually generate cash as the outstanding bills are paid by the customers. Because of this process, D’Leon’s cash account has decreased dramatically due to the company spending more cash than it is taking in. Because of this, it appears that the sales price does not exceed its costs per unit sold.  This has a negative effect on the cash balance because, as stated above, more cash is going out than is coming in. PurchasesD’Leon purchases its materials on 30-day terms, meaning that it is supposed to pay for its purchases within 30 days of receipt. Judging by D’Leon’s 2005 balance sheet , its suppliers probably do not get paid on time. This conclusion can be made from the fact that sales have only increased by about 76% over the past year while accounts payable have increased by about 260%. SECTION 3: Problems AnalysisAdditional questions and problems have raised concern among the board members and the major shareholders of D’Leon Incorporated. Section 3 of this report focuses on these issues as well as options that the company might pursue to ensure a healthy financial future. Cash ProblemsThe expansion at D’Leon weakened their financial strength. Because the company issued long-term debt rather than common stock for the funding, it appears that it has financed its expansion with external capital rather than with internally generated funds. Due to the significant increase in receivables, even if it had broke even in 2005, D’Leon would still experience a cash shortage requiring it to raise external capital to finance its increase in assets. Regarding the company’s physical stock, the question has been raised to depreciate them over 7 years rather than 10 years. Unfortunately, this change would not affect the physical stock. The balance sheet account for fixed assets, however, would decrease due to the increasing accumulated depreciation. The company’s reported net income would decrease and the decrease in tax payments would result in an increased cash position. Stock IssuesEarnings per share (EPS) are the earnings returned on the initial investment amount. It is calculated by dividing net income by shares outstanding. Dividends per share are calculated by dividing dividends by shares outstanding. Book value per share is calculated by common equity divided by shares outstanding. The market price per share of a stock does not equal the book value per share because the market value reflects future  profits, while the book value per share represents historical cost of the stock. Tax IssuesFor businesses, interest paid is tax deductible. This is because it is considered an expense and is paid out of pre-tax income. Dividends paid, however, are paid out of after-tax income. Interested earned is subject to income taxes because it is part of the company’s taxable income. Dividends received are also taxed as part of the ordinary income. For corporations, Capital gains are taxed as ordinary income. D’Leon was able to use Tax Loss Carry-Back and Carry-Forward Provisions to receive a tax refund because of its net loss of -$160,178 in 2005. PART II:Financial StatementAnalysisSECTION 1: Ratio AnalysisThe primary goal of any business is to maximize its value. In order to do this, it must take advantage of its strengths and correct its weaknesses. Businesses do this by first comparing their performance to other businesses in the same industry and secondly by evaluating trends in their financial position over time. This evaluation is done through ratio analysis . Ratio Analysis is simply a tool used by individuals to conduct a quantitative analysis of information in a company’s financial statements. These ratios are calculated from current year numbers and are then compared to previous years, other companies, the industry, or even the economy to judge the performance of the company. These calculations provide assistance in decision-making, reduce reliance on guesswork and intuition, and establish a basis for sound judgment. The following section discusses the five major categories of financial ratios. LiquidityLiquidity refers to an asset’s ability to be easily converted through the act of buying or selling. A liquid asset can be bought or sold rapidly without causing a significant movement in the price and with minimum loss of value. Liquidity ratios are calculations that show the relationship of a company’s cash and other current assets to its current liabilities. These ratios include the current ratio and the quick ratio. By looking at D’Leon Inc.’s quick ratio for 2004 and 2005, it is clear that their liquidity has decreased, but it is projected to increase in 2006. Asset ManagementAsset management ratios are another group of financial calculations that measure how effectively a company is managing its assets. These ratios attempt to answer the question â€Å"Does the amount each type of asset seem reasonable, too high, or too low in view of current and projected sales?† If a business has too many assets, its cost of capital will be too high and its profits will be depressed. If assets are too low, however, profitable sales will be lost. Asset management ratios include inventory turnover, days sales outstanding (DSO), fixed assets turnover, and total assets turnover. D’Leon’s inventory turnover and total assets turnover are below the industry average, but their DSO is above the industry average. Their fixed assts turnover, however, is above the industry average. By the inventory turnover ratio being low, it appears that the firm either has excessive or obsolete inventory. If inventory were reduced, their current asset and turnover ratios would improve and the debt ratio would reduce even further, increasing D’Leon’s profitability. If D’Leon were to improve its collection procedures and lower its DSO to the 32-day average, the effects would ripple through the financial statements and free up over $250,000 in cash that would, in turn, raise their stock price. Debt ManagementDebt management is also referred to as financial leverage. Financial leverage is the using of given resources in such a way that the potential positive or negative outcome is magnified. It most generally refers to using debt, or borrowed funds, in an attempt to increase the returns to equity. Financial leverage can allow greater potential returns to the investor than would have otherwise been available. The potential for loss is also greater, however, because repayment of the loan principle and all accrued interest is still required if the investment becomes worthless. Debt management ratios include times-interest-earned (TIE) and EBITDA coverage. D’Leon’s expected TIE for 2006 is much improve over its 2004 and 2005 levels and is above the industry average. Their EBITDA has also improved, but is still below the industry average. ProfitabilityProfitability ratios reflect the combined effects of liquidity, asset management, and debt. It measures a company’s use of its assets and  control of its expenses to generate an acceptable rate of return. For most of these ratios, having a higher value relative to a competitor’s ratio or the same ratio from a previous period is indicative that the company is doing well. Profitability ratios include profit margin on sales, return on total assets (ROA), basic earning power, (BEP), and return on common equity, (ROE). D’Leon’s profit margin is above 2004 and 2005 levels and is slightly above the industry average. Their BEP, ROA, and ROE ratios have also increased from the previous year, but are all still below the industry average. Market ValueMarket Value Ratios are the calculations that relate a company’s stock price to its earnings, cash flow, and book value per share. These ratios give management an indication of what investors think of the company’s risk and future prospects. If all of the previously discussed ratios look good, and if these conditions have been stable over time, then the market value ratios will be high, the stock price will probably be high, and management has been doing a good job. Market value ratios include price/earnings (P/E), price/cash flow, and market/book (M/B) ratios. All of these ratios at D’Leon Inc. are above the previous years level, but are all below the industry average. SECTION 2: Financial Ratio LimitationsWhen evaluating a company, analysts recognize that they must consider certain qualitative factors . These factors are:†¢Are the company’s revenues tied to one key customer?†¢To what extent are the company’s revenues tied to one key product?†¢To what extent does the company rely on a single supplier?†¢What percentage of the company’s business is generated overseas?†¢Competition†¢Future prospects†¢Legal and regulatory environmentWhile these factors must be considered for all company’s alike, not all company’s can be compared equally when it comes to their financials. There are a number of limitations to using financial ratios as a tool for comparison. One such limitation is that company’s use different operating and accounting practices and procedures. This could cause distortion in comparisons. Another possible cause of distortion between ratio comparisons is seasonal factors. Industry average comparisons can be made difficult if company’s operate many different divisions. Another  major issue is that a company may not always know whether the ratios that they are comparing theirs with are good or bad because some company’s use certain techniques to make their financial statements and ratios appear better than they actual are. SECTION 3: Problems and DiscussionCredit IssuesIn 2005, D’Leon paid its suppliers much later than the due date, and it was not maintaining financial ratios at levels called for in its bank loan agreement. There was concern that this behavior would lead to the suppliers cutting the company off and refusing to renew the loan when it comes due. Even though the company’s projected ratios appear to be improving, the credit manager will most likely not be able to extend credit to it. However, the bank will mostly likely not demand repayment because this could for D’Leon into bankruptcy. Financial ProjectionsUsing the extended Du Pont equation, we find that D’Leon has an ROE of nearly 13%. Looking at the 2006 projections in Appendix F on page 16, we see that the company’s strengths include above industry average fixed assets turnover and profit margin. D’Leon also significantly reduced it debt ratio, resulting in a decreased interest expense and improved TIE ratio. Some of the company’s weaknesses include poor asset management ratios, EBITDA coverage, profitability ratios, and market value ratios. I would have recommended that the company perform an extensive ratio analysis of its current financial position before taking on any expansion plans. This could have immensely helped managers to determine the effects of the expansion on the financial stability of the company. Brigham, Eugene F., and Joel F. Houston. Fundamentals of Financial Management. â€Å"D’Leon Inc., Chapter 4 spreadsheet module†. Made available on July 1, 2008 by Dr. Richard Constand. Brigham, Eugene F., and Joel F. Houston. Fundamentals of Financial Management. Thomson: South-Western Publishers, Eleventh Ed. 2007.

Free Essays on A Letter For My Daughter

In the book â€Å"A letter for my daughter,† there are several characters that have a third critical eye, which means to be able to see beyond social and culture norms. These particular characters Zenzele, Linda, and Baba Zenzele are examples of having a third critical eye. Through these different characters are several examples of being able to see beyond culture and societal norms through their special views. Zenzele, although a young character, is able to see beyond her culture norms to see how women are oppressed and how her land excludes her from her freedom. â€Å"I will never be bought! Mamma, how could you possibly accept some cattle and cash in exchange for my freedom?† (pg. 32) Zenzele makes this remark to her mother, as her mother explains to her how it is custom that the men give to the bride-to-be’s family money and cattle for the daughters hand in marriage. Zenzele is outraged by this and refuses to believe that she has to become part of this African culture. In spite of the fact that Zenzele is young at this point, she unknowingly points out that this is oppression to women, and how dare her mother go along with this. Her mother begins to defend the culture by explaining, â€Å"according to tradition, there is an elaborate ceremony that brings the two families together and the future of the groom pays tribute to his fiancee and her parents.† Brilliant ly Zenzele replies to her, â€Å"Mamma, you are defending a custom that identifies women as property, transformed from father to husband. It is dreadful. I shall have none of it.† (pg. 32) She also stuns her mother when she remarks, â€Å"And what is woman’s worth after all?† (pg.34)Zenzele sees right through her taught cultural norms and sees that is this injustice to women. Another example of Zenzele seeing beyond cultural norms is when Zenzele quizzes her mother more in-depth about marriage. â€Å"Why do women change their names when they get married, Mama? Why should... Free Essays on A Letter For My Daughter Free Essays on A Letter For My Daughter In the book â€Å"A letter for my daughter,† there are several characters that have a third critical eye, which means to be able to see beyond social and culture norms. These particular characters Zenzele, Linda, and Baba Zenzele are examples of having a third critical eye. Through these different characters are several examples of being able to see beyond culture and societal norms through their special views. Zenzele, although a young character, is able to see beyond her culture norms to see how women are oppressed and how her land excludes her from her freedom. â€Å"I will never be bought! Mamma, how could you possibly accept some cattle and cash in exchange for my freedom?† (pg. 32) Zenzele makes this remark to her mother, as her mother explains to her how it is custom that the men give to the bride-to-be’s family money and cattle for the daughters hand in marriage. Zenzele is outraged by this and refuses to believe that she has to become part of this African culture. In spite of the fact that Zenzele is young at this point, she unknowingly points out that this is oppression to women, and how dare her mother go along with this. Her mother begins to defend the culture by explaining, â€Å"according to tradition, there is an elaborate ceremony that brings the two families together and the future of the groom pays tribute to his fiancee and her parents.† Brilliant ly Zenzele replies to her, â€Å"Mamma, you are defending a custom that identifies women as property, transformed from father to husband. It is dreadful. I shall have none of it.† (pg. 32) She also stuns her mother when she remarks, â€Å"And what is woman’s worth after all?† (pg.34)Zenzele sees right through her taught cultural norms and sees that is this injustice to women. Another example of Zenzele seeing beyond cultural norms is when Zenzele quizzes her mother more in-depth about marriage. â€Å"Why do women change their names when they get married, Mama? Why should...

Ostrich Egg Shells

Ostrich Egg Shells The broken pieces of ostrich egg shells (often abbreviated OES in the literature) are commonly found on Middle and Upper Paleolithic sites throughout the world: at the time ostriches were much more widespread than they are today, and indeed were one of several megafaunal species which experienced mass extinctions at the end of the Pleistocene. Ostrich egg shells offered protein, a palette for artwork, and a way to carry water to our ancestors over the past 100,000 years, and as such, they are well worth considering a raw material of interest. The Qualities of an Unbroken Egg The ovate eggshell of an ostrich averages 15 centimeters long (6 inches) and 13 cm (5 in) wide; with its contents intact an egg weighs up to 1.4 kg (3 pounds), with an average volume of 1 liter (~1 quart). The shell itself weighs about 260 grams (9 ounces). Ostrich eggs contain about 1 kg (2.2 lbs) of egg protein, equivalent to 24-28 chicken eggs. An ostrich hen lays between 1-2 eggs each week during the breeding season (April to September), and in the wild, hens produce eggs for some 30 years during their lives. Ostrich eggshell is composed of 96% crystalline calcite and 4% organic material, mostly proteins. The thickness (averaging 2 millimeters or .07 in) is made up of three different layers that vary in structure and thickness. The hardness of the shell is 3 on the Mohs scale. Since its organic, OES can be radiocarbon dated (typically using AMS techniques): the only problem is that some cultures used fossil eggshell, so you have to have additional data to back up your dates, always a good idea anyway. Ostrich Egg Shell Flasks Historically, ostrich egg shells are known to have been used by African hunter-gatherers as a light-weight and strong flask or canteen to store and transport various fluids, usually water. To make the flask, hunter-gatherers puncture a hole in the top of the egg, either by drilling, punching, grinding, cutting or hammering, or a combination of techniques. Thats been difficult to identify in archaeological sites, which typically include only a few eggshell sherds. Intentional perforations could be considered a proxy for the use of eggshell as a container, and based on the perforation, an argument has been made for flask use in southern Africa at least 60,000 years ago. Thats tricky: after all, you have to open an egg to eat whats inside anyway. However, decoration on eggshells has recently been identified which supports the use of flasks in Howiesons Poort contexts in South Africa at least as long ago as 85,000 years (Texier et al. 2010, 2013). Refits of the decorated OES fragments indicate that the patterns were placed on the shell before the shell was broken, and, according to these papers, decorated fragments are only found in context with evidence for purposefully cut openings. Flask Decorations The decorated fragments research is from the Middle and Later Stone Age Diepkloof Rockshelter in South Africa, from which has been recovered over 400 pieces of engraved ostrich eggshell (out of a total of 19,000 eggshell fragments). These fragments were deposited throughout the Howiesons Poort phase, especially between Intermediate and Late HP periods, 52,000-85,000 years ago. Texier and colleagues suggest that these markings were intended to indicate ownership or perhaps a marker of what was contained in the flask. The decorations identified by the scholars are patterns of abstract parallel lines, dots, and hash marks. Texier et al. identified at least five motifs, two of which spanned the entire length of the HP period, with the earliest decorated eggshell fragments from 90,000-100,000 years ago. OES Beads The bead-making process was recently documented archaeologically at the Geelbek Dunes site in South Africa, dated between 550-380 BC (see Kandel and Conard). The bead-making process at Geelbek began when an OES breaks, purposefully or accidentally. Large fragments were processed into preforms or blanks or made directly into discs or pendants. Processing the blanks into beads involves the initial drilling of angular blanks followed by rounding, or vice versa (although Texier et al. 2013 argue that the rounding process almost always follows the perforation). Mediterranean Bronze Age During the Bronze Age in the Mediterranean, ostriches became quite the rage, with several occurrences of elaborately decorated eggshells or eggshell effigies. This came at the same time as state-level societies in the fertile crescent and elsewhere began keeping lush gardens, and some of them included imported animals including ostriches. See Brysbaert for an interesting discussion. Some Ostrich Egg Shell Sites Africa Diepkloof rockshelter (South Africa), decorated OES, possible flasks, Howiesons Poort, 85–52,000 BPMumba rockshelter (Tanzania), OES beads, engraved OES, Middle Stone Age, 49,000 BP,Border Cave (South Africa), OES beads, Howiesons Poort, 42,000 bpJarigole Pillars (Kenya), OES beads, 4868-4825 cal BPGeelbek Dune Field (South Africa), shell bead processing area, Later Stone Age Asia Ikhe-Barkhel-Tologi (Mongolia), OES, 41,700 RCYBP (Kurochkin et al)Angarkhai (Transbaikal), OES, 41,700 RCYBPShuidonggou (China), OES beads, Paleolithic, 30,000 BPBaga Gazaryn Chuluu (Mongolia), OES, 14,300 BPChikhen Agui (Mongolia), OES, terminal Paleolithic, 13,061 cal BP Bronze Age Mediterranean Nagada (Egypt), OES, predynasticHierankopolis (Egypt), engraved OES, 3500 BCUr royal tombs, 2550-2400 BC, gold ostrich egg effigy, and painted OESPalaikastro (Crete), OES, Early Minoan Bronze Age IIB-III, 2550-2300 BCKnossos (Crete), OES, Middle Minoan IB, and IIIA, 1900-1700 BCTiryns (Greece), OES, Late Horizon IIB Sources Aseyev IV. 2008. Horseman image on an ostrich eggshell fragment. Archaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology of Eurasia 34(2):96-99. doi: 10.1016/j.aeae.2008.07.009Brysbaert A. 2013. The Chicken or the Egg? Interregional Contacts Viewed Through a Technological Lens at Late Bronze Age Tiryns, Greece. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 32(3):233-256. doi: 10.1111/ojoa.12013dErrico F, Backwell L, Villa P, Degano I, Lucejko JJ, Bamford MK, Higham TFG, Colombini MP, and Beaumont PB. 2012. Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(33):13214-13219. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1204213109Henshilwood C. 2012. Late Pleistocene Techno-traditions in Southern Africa: A Review of the Still Bay and Howiesons Poort, c. 75–59Â  ka. Journal of World Prehistory 25(3-4):205-237. doi: 10.1007/s10963-012-9060-3Kandel AW, and Conard NJ. 2005. Production sequences of ostrich eggshell beads and settlement d ynamics in the Geelbek Dunes of the Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 32(12):1711-1721. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.010 Orton J. 2008. Later Stone Age ostrich eggshell bead manufacture in the Northern Cape, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(7):1765-1775. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.014Texier P-J, Porraz G, Parkington J, Rigaud J-P, Poggenpoel C, Miller C, Tribolo C, Cartwright C, Coudenneau A, Klein R et al. . 2010. A Howiesons Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(14):6180-6185. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0913047107Texier P-J, Porraz G, Parkington J, Rigaud J-P, Poggenpoel C, and Tribolo C. 2013. The context, form and significance of the MSA engraved ostrich eggshell collection from Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(9):3412-3431. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.02.021

MODULE 4 DISCUSSION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MODULE 4 DISCUSSION - Essay Example Actual temperature measurements that have been taken have shown consistency in both rural and urban areas. In this case, the temperature taken in weather station has also shown some consistency with those taken by satellites and other natural thermometers. As such, therefore, the myth that the global warming is only experienced in urban areas has been disapproved by science, Bryant (2009). It is important to note that 97% of scientists, researchers and climate expert are in agreement that human actions and inactions are causing the global warming. As such, it remains misinformation that scientists have not build consensus on various aspects that cause global warming. In this case, it is evident that different researches have supported the phenomenon, Bryant (2009). It is evident that just like other peak the Antarctica is losing its ice. There has been information that the Antarctica is gaining ice. However, evidence collected by satellite indicates that the measure of ice is decreasing at a accelerating rate. Again, information that the temperature measured is inconsistent. On the contrary, various researches have supported the measurement taken via satellites and natural thermometers. Though there is a myth that it has never warmed since 1998, it has been shown that 2010 was the hottest year. In addition, 2005 had the same hotness as

Electro Mcnichael Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 4

Electro Mcnichael - Assignment Example The main electrical systems supplied by the emergency power supply include navigation and communication equipment, emergency lighting, the fire and sprinkler pumps, the water tight doors and lifts, the steer gear and bilge pump. The system is automatically connected to the emergency switchboard and is automatically started if the main power source goes off. The system is always located higher up and outside the engine room spaces. This insulates them from any damage and / or fire to the engine room. Batteries in ships are backup source of power as an emergency system or form part of the standby power system installed to protect property and life from the various consequences of loss of primary power supply. They are an excellent source and store for electrical power since they are used as instant supply source of available energy. They are also used to provide low voltage direct current supply on regular basis to various machines on the deck and engine. Generally, there are two types of batteries used onboard a ship; the lead acid batteries and the alkaline batteries. The Lead – Acid batteries also known accumulators consist of six separate cells in a series and each cell contains a lead peroxide plate as the positive terminal and a lead plate as the negative terminal which are both immersed in dilute sulphuric acid, the two plates are known as electrodes and the sulphuric acid is known as the electrolyte. This whole arrangement is kept in a leak proof casing. The two plates are joined by a wire and this develops a potential across this wire which eventually ensures current starts flowing through it. These batteries develop a total output of 12 volts since each cell in the series has a potential of producing 2 volts. The Lead Acid accumulators used currently has many plates which are interleaved in one cell. For proper insulation the whole arrangement